tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-72388491409762866272024-03-13T17:50:33.362+00:00Cruwys newsThe day-to-day activities of the Cruwys/Cruse one-name study with occasional diversions into other topics of interest such as DNA testing and personal genomicsDebbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.comBlogger495125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-35415492843491688392023-11-01T22:47:00.005+00:002023-11-01T22:47:43.213+00:00Cruwys family tree on Ancestry<p>When I first started my family history research over twenty years ago I began by compiling the family information in Word files. It soon became too complicated to keep track of all the different family lines in separate files and so I bought a family history program to record all the information. After researching all the available family history programs I settled on <a href="https://www.family-historian.co.uk/" target="_blank">Family Historian</a>, which has an excellent reputation and is well-suited for one-name study work. The program has stood me in good stead over the years. I use it to record my own family tree but also all the other Cruwys and Cruse trees I've researched as part of my one-name study. </p><p>When I first tested at AncestryDNA in 2012 I only had a very basic skeleton tree on Ancestry. I didn't get much out of the DNA test in the early years and it was another three years before Ancestry officially launched their test in the UK in 2015. Since then, the database has grown exponentially, allowing me to confirm much of my existing research and also to make some exciting new discoveries. I've found that there are distinct advantages to maintaining a detailed family tree on Ancestry. Having a publicly accessible tree means that I benefit from the Common Ancestor Hints and ThruLines. The more I build out the tree and build down the collateral lines the easier it becomes to work out the relationship to my matches. </p><p>I find that Ancestry's online tree-building platform is by far the easiest to use of all the available options. The powerful hint system makes it very easy to find records. Other family historians will often already have done research into a particular line and found all the relevant census and parish register entries which saves the hassle of spending a long time searching indexes to find the people I'm looking for, especially when the names have been horribly mistranscribed. Many people have generously shared photos as well as images of birth, marriage and death certificates which has been extremely helpful.</p><p>For all these reasons, over the last few years I've been slowly going through the process of trying to expand my tree on Ancestry by adding in all the research that I've done over the last twenty years which has been carefully stored in Family Historian. Rather than uploading a GEDCOM file and losing all the linked records and DNA matches I took the decision to curate my tree manually. I am gradually working through all the different branches of my tree adding census entries, uploading certificates and photos and linking them all to my tree. I've benefited greatly from the research that others have shared with me so I am effectively paying forwards the favour. This process has been invaluable in its own right. When I started out I was mostly working with indexed records and transcriptions. Increasingly records have been digitised and I am now able to link to census pages and original parish register records. I'm also making some very interesting new discoveries because of the consolidation process and because the hints often lead me to records which I hadn't previously discovered.</p><p>By adding sources to my tree I'm also hoping that my tree will have better exposure on Ancestry so that people can find my research. I'm also hoping that it will help to counter some of the mistakes I've found in some of the other online trees. Ancestry do not tell us how their algorithms work but it seems that the more sources you have linked to a person the more likely it is that your tree will appear in the hints list for other researchers.</p><p>I've made good progress but there is still a lot more work to do. However, I'm pleased to report that I've completed the work on my own Cruwys family. My tree on Ancestry now encompasses my own Cruwys family from Winkleigh, the Cruwys Morchard tree, and the Mariansleigh tree. The Winkleigh and Cruwys Morchard trees link together in the mid-1400s. I know from the Y-DNA testing for my <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/cruwys-dna/about" target="_blank">Cruwys DNA Project</a> that the Mariansleigh Cruwyses are related to the Winkleigh and Cruwys Morchard families but I have been unable to document the connection. It does not help that the parish registers for the period in question have not survived. However, I have a second connection to the Mariansleigh Cruwyses through the Eastmond family so I was able to link them into one big tree. The Mariansleigh Cruwyses are by far the most numerous branch of the family so it took me some time to add all these records. If you're connected to any of these Cruwys families do check out my tree. You can find it <a href="https://www.ancestry.co.uk/family-tree/tree/21521180/recent">on Ancestry here</a>. If you have any additional information on these families I would be delighted to hear from you.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjwsB52-LXjTJvgiQCnWboIfzq52N6HF5MMHSSrjUh9b-BR23K0nn6i1B5NGcawXExX-Ac-Uh_mN4rEBgESc5Kr_rwt46yhQk8z-y9KVdLnePEeOqgYTiAQFzOWvcCsky0BpYGroseHs92IycA8rEd_jjbFNknmoTe6lSUcIG7lcz7dgrQ07w0Tu1TC7W3W" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="856" data-original-width="1177" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjwsB52-LXjTJvgiQCnWboIfzq52N6HF5MMHSSrjUh9b-BR23K0nn6i1B5NGcawXExX-Ac-Uh_mN4rEBgESc5Kr_rwt46yhQk8z-y9KVdLnePEeOqgYTiAQFzOWvcCsky0BpYGroseHs92IycA8rEd_jjbFNknmoTe6lSUcIG7lcz7dgrQ07w0Tu1TC7W3W=w640-h466" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>One of my next steps will be to build out trees on Ancestry for all the other Cruwys families I've researched as part of my one-name study. The Y-DNA project has shown that we have two distinct Cruwys groups which do not share a common ancestor and which belong to two completely different haplogroups. To make the work easier I am intending to upload a GEDCOM file for these other Cruwys families to a separate tree on Ancestry. I will then repeat the process of linking in all the census entries, parish registers and other records. I know it will take me some time to do this but it will be very worthwhile and will help to make my research more accessible.</p>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-68910974479688328172022-04-15T00:16:00.001+01:002022-04-15T00:21:31.554+01:00Comparing ethnicity estimates and ethnicity inheritance results from AncestryDNA for a child and her parents<p>I wrote about <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2022/04/sideview-new-method-for-assigning.html">AncestryDNA's new SideView technology</a> and the new ethnicity inheritance tool earlier this week. My results for my parents weren't yet available when I wrote the post and I thought it would be interesting to do a three-way comparison.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Ethnicity estimates</h3><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Debbie's dad</b><br />My dad's ancestry within the last few hundred years is all English apart from one maternal great-great- grandfather who is from Scotland. His paternal side is from Devon, Bristol and Gloucestershire. His maternal side is from Essex, Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire and London. Here is his updated ethnicity estimate.<br /></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgAEcDRt46uW81esqa6aFqLT9ctZII_sBAe8K-WFeLDZMQOVOK9B9WqaIS8Cxru88J_PuxeQ_gPTwwE9M86F5aDCGfT84i--V2KOn1MMFPPhp4JXYOBLWl8PuoYaQA0oUN0CqbA6jUufzx44JB0xtel5EPXeZhac69ZViuIi4h9fn5T0H7onXInw1RBPg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="592" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgAEcDRt46uW81esqa6aFqLT9ctZII_sBAe8K-WFeLDZMQOVOK9B9WqaIS8Cxru88J_PuxeQ_gPTwwE9M86F5aDCGfT84i--V2KOn1MMFPPhp4JXYOBLWl8PuoYaQA0oUN0CqbA6jUufzx44JB0xtel5EPXeZhac69ZViuIi4h9fn5T0H7onXInw1RBPg=w400-h353" width="400" /></a></div><div>The ranges are:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>England and Northwestern Europe 49% to 69%</li><li>Wales 2% to 28%</li><li>Scotland 0% to 30%</li><li>Sweden and Denmark 0% to 16%</li><li>Norway 0% to 15%.</li></ul><div>The ranges can be found by clicking on the country names.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Debbie's mum</b></div><div>My mum's ancestry in the last few hundred years is all from England apart from one paternal great-great-grandmother from Ireland. Her paternal ancestry is from Hampshire (via London), Somerset and Ireland. She has an unknown paternal great-grandfather who is probably from Oxfordshire. Her maternal ancestry is from Hertfordshire, London, Hampshire, Berkshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Gloucestershire and Wiltshire. Here is her updated ethnicity estimate.<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgLKUU9k0jnGjWQ9cygvsixUgvflnj8GRgrjIRD3HurAzvDAeb5V3Nw3si9kYZfy0q6Zj1KxyMMpiFh_OJqggMJUsmD7ncYKz1GzUQROd80hyolsenrJZ9_eaMq0YQSdYKul-DHo9uGmydEvdvvvQUeOpmYSeuWnhnF-FMKdkaEY0Afu3KNS_ZrwIYLhg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="591" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgLKUU9k0jnGjWQ9cygvsixUgvflnj8GRgrjIRD3HurAzvDAeb5V3Nw3si9kYZfy0q6Zj1KxyMMpiFh_OJqggMJUsmD7ncYKz1GzUQROd80hyolsenrJZ9_eaMq0YQSdYKul-DHo9uGmydEvdvvvQUeOpmYSeuWnhnF-FMKdkaEY0Afu3KNS_ZrwIYLhg=w400-h275" width="400" /></a></div></div><div>The ranges are:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>England and Northwestern Europe 70% to 100%</li><li>Wales 0% to 17%</li><li>Ireland 0% to 17%</li><li>Norway 0% to 5%.</li></ul></div><div><b>Debbie</b></div><div>Here is my updated ethnicity estimate.</div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjY6rOsbUW3w-jydDVns6_15lwmTevssXU4gOkx4wrYu_PU_dVi4ryAF5plU6FMwpKBD44DFjowRW1ktgVEhxCm4MIpCjJu-vbAYRV5x1NI0Jvg6QWLXytLDSLZFgJPUo6UA5QxZC8QfGHilrq-Z9mahOY2uBBIgw4nnBfzXsPjb-k3KABOojmEaDV_DQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="442" data-original-width="582" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjY6rOsbUW3w-jydDVns6_15lwmTevssXU4gOkx4wrYu_PU_dVi4ryAF5plU6FMwpKBD44DFjowRW1ktgVEhxCm4MIpCjJu-vbAYRV5x1NI0Jvg6QWLXytLDSLZFgJPUo6UA5QxZC8QfGHilrq-Z9mahOY2uBBIgw4nnBfzXsPjb-k3KABOojmEaDV_DQ=w400-h304" width="400" /></a></div>The ranges are:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>England and Northwestern Europe 65% to 99%</li><li>Scotland 0% to 29%</li><li>Wales 0% to 18%</li><li>Ireland 0% to 9%</li></ul></div><div>I am disregarding Norway, Sweden and Denmark in the results for my parents as noise. The reference population labelled as Wales actually stretches into North Devon, North Somerset, Bristol, Gloucestershire and Herefordshire so this may be a real representation of my dad's paternal ancestry from Devon, Bristol and Gloucestershire and my mum's maternal ancestry from Gloucestershire. There was a big migration from North Devon to South Wales in the 1800s with people moving to Wales to work in the copper and coal mines so many people from South Wales have Devon ancestry which may account for the overlap. The Scotland component is over-represented in many people at AncestryDNA and this reference population probably should have been labelled as Scotland, Ireland and England.</div><div><br /></div><div>The genetic communities (also known as regions) are uncannily accurate. It's interesting to note how I get Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Oxfordshire as a region despite the fact that neither of my parents has this region. This can easily explained by the fact that both of my parents have ancestry from both Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire so I actually get a double dose of DNA from these counties.<br /><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Ethnicity inheritance overview</h3><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Debbie's dad</b></div><div>This is the ethnicity inheritance overview and detailed comparison for my dad. If the Welsh component represents my dad's paternal ancestry from Devon, Bristol and Gloucestershire then Parent 1 is his dad. However, my dad's Scottish ancestry is on his mother's side yet the Scottish percentages appear in both parents but are much higher for Parent 1 than Parent 2. I therefore do not feel confident in assigning parental sides to these results.</div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-ozAvIPUKoDtBR1khPD1FIe1KtBDF4YqN1grD49y4KtpRDgsR0eyOVP4D6Ypz4AsnOIzFETscFg8JkNX2vOUGbvJz7HfG_7L96P7_3-u3k202Tj6DH4aUk-wINrIyGUtFV5gfI8SlcNO3gAHIvIXd4HvbaT0t95pgDniqQSC26k5LGBmxisQW55Do3w" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="1020" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-ozAvIPUKoDtBR1khPD1FIe1KtBDF4YqN1grD49y4KtpRDgsR0eyOVP4D6Ypz4AsnOIzFETscFg8JkNX2vOUGbvJz7HfG_7L96P7_3-u3k202Tj6DH4aUk-wINrIyGUtFV5gfI8SlcNO3gAHIvIXd4HvbaT0t95pgDniqQSC26k5LGBmxisQW55Do3w=w640-h344" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEggH9S2r09zTZpHja2R2Ko1KBg9NKoU2PbNBW70WBSKNyjPiV4esTRQkT2Mn1iMNvoxqyFXO7qGtTk3VewsvUwW08MYAI-4rvzj6cWmWIa2g57ats12FeDctniahyxDJOc-8qIGrfEDv2HkjS8TjsWQ-bXua5Bcx9YG8eyZ4sQWY7uxHa6-oSAGB5ty8g" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="725" data-original-width="766" height="605" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEggH9S2r09zTZpHja2R2Ko1KBg9NKoU2PbNBW70WBSKNyjPiV4esTRQkT2Mn1iMNvoxqyFXO7qGtTk3VewsvUwW08MYAI-4rvzj6cWmWIa2g57ats12FeDctniahyxDJOc-8qIGrfEDv2HkjS8TjsWQ-bXua5Bcx9YG8eyZ4sQWY7uxHa6-oSAGB5ty8g=w640-h605" width="640" /></a></div><b>Debbie's mum</b></div><div>This is the ethnicity inheritance overview and detailed comparison for my mum. Ireland only appears in Parent 1 and Wales only appears in Parent 2 so I am assuming that Parent 1 is her father and Parent 2 is her mother.<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjsVshGlENHKXCVJsYZ4o9HmIqBCrmH6haTj7x79sRMRT6AR1vbZQdrgWJ-2LVsIwObHbFx4ApzGPZYPcbT8Len5nm89MuRwqZFfPN9mT3ktKLLeVzbdkCRwrlDs2mYM3MSoMV9Xcq49kxn52pXSMTTilW2SJBEUDKEJOMfAzYudeu8yHLG9y4LxLU8qg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="553" data-original-width="975" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjsVshGlENHKXCVJsYZ4o9HmIqBCrmH6haTj7x79sRMRT6AR1vbZQdrgWJ-2LVsIwObHbFx4ApzGPZYPcbT8Len5nm89MuRwqZFfPN9mT3ktKLLeVzbdkCRwrlDs2mYM3MSoMV9Xcq49kxn52pXSMTTilW2SJBEUDKEJOMfAzYudeu8yHLG9y4LxLU8qg=w640-h362" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiCRr6_xwiSgUTxlZfzYfXsCo1Ok_pt83dcTozrrrxp3PSh6oCX_gGcjeLF45CxTTa0BFnu11_hEFza8GH0QmT2FMhO7OzzgH9FporKadR93gva22AsmUt5sSIc5II5GQ_WSx64R-hNFH-Q7LHCEwHHvy_lPUgbKiUbr6ysa1B_R_8VhNxAeG-f8yjebg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="632" data-original-width="766" height="528" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiCRr6_xwiSgUTxlZfzYfXsCo1Ok_pt83dcTozrrrxp3PSh6oCX_gGcjeLF45CxTTa0BFnu11_hEFza8GH0QmT2FMhO7OzzgH9FporKadR93gva22AsmUt5sSIc5II5GQ_WSx64R-hNFH-Q7LHCEwHHvy_lPUgbKiUbr6ysa1B_R_8VhNxAeG-f8yjebg=w640-h528" width="640" /></a></div><b>Debbie</b><br />Here is my ethnicity inheritance overview and detailed comparison. The Scotland component is the odd one out here as it appears in both parents whereas it is only reported in my dad's results. Ireland only appears in Parent 1. I had originally assumed therefore that Parent 1 is my mum. However, the absence of Wales on my dad's side is surprising given that he had a much higher percentage of the Welsh component than my mum so it's quite possible that Parent 1 and Parent 2 are the other way round instead.<br /><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7BNaRwSmw43HURYxlPmeKyRJ0E-egWdi71mvIvJ6Hd32FCXbATVQz3YJb1OJBJb7jI6VflyxFHHvNrMg0g0qeBgWmLQ_emizTDYRDLYU4miSgLJJrRR8y0kYuNjUrYD0mW1jPLV2Z2E_beEQC0szGKh86SGmBEUgA7HhlBJd5cQSczY7DFYjSpIH8Bg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="975" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7BNaRwSmw43HURYxlPmeKyRJ0E-egWdi71mvIvJ6Hd32FCXbATVQz3YJb1OJBJb7jI6VflyxFHHvNrMg0g0qeBgWmLQ_emizTDYRDLYU4miSgLJJrRR8y0kYuNjUrYD0mW1jPLV2Z2E_beEQC0szGKh86SGmBEUgA7HhlBJd5cQSczY7DFYjSpIH8Bg=w640-h360" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhwaUmC2ToK3s4nN15TW5TxSpNihiSRHjDmMTKOEmHlN1h7jh3mZhNNA-TE-svGWw1xX0zkzNSPNCeEL06MAR7gZTvG30RLQuj6ndpP17gGTdzXswRkYX1cIEws1qbPj8Ejj0Y_xkZleJ85yNJWlXQq-EALQTns0HBApgZ5GGhlHx-DwFL2hPxjsoUvGA" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="648" data-original-width="772" height="537" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhwaUmC2ToK3s4nN15TW5TxSpNihiSRHjDmMTKOEmHlN1h7jh3mZhNNA-TE-svGWw1xX0zkzNSPNCeEL06MAR7gZTvG30RLQuj6ndpP17gGTdzXswRkYX1cIEws1qbPj8Ejj0Y_xkZleJ85yNJWlXQq-EALQTns0HBApgZ5GGhlHx-DwFL2hPxjsoUvGA=w640-h537" width="640" /></a></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Conclusion</h3></div><div><a href="https://support.ancestry.com/s/article/SideView-Technology">SideView</a> is an innovative new technology from AncestryDNA and I remain excited by the possibilities it has opened up. While the "ethnicity" estimates are still a work in progress they are a huge improvement compared to the early days of autosomal DNA testing. When I received <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2010/08/exploring-my-genome-with-23andme.html">my first biogeographical ancestry report from 23andMe back in 2010</a> they were only able to tell me that I was 100% European. We are now getting much more granularity within Europe, even if the country-level assignments, especially with the low percentages, are not very accurate. We can expect the results to improve over time. AncestryDNA regularly add new regions and provide updated ethnicity estimates every year. We can probably expect a further update this summer or in the autumn. </div><div><br /></div><div>The <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2017/03/ancestrydnas-new-genetic-communities.html">genetic communities</a> are worked out in a different way and are based not on reference populations but on large segments of DNA shared in genetic networks. They are reflective of our recent ancestry within the last 200-300 years. They are remarkably accurate and for most people generally correspond with their known ancestry. Another possible application for the SideView technology would be to assign genetic communities to parental sides though, as in my case, it may be that some communities would need to be assigned to both sides. We have much to look forward to this year!</div>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-89945393253059031082022-04-13T16:21:00.005+01:002022-04-15T00:19:14.570+01:00SideView: a new method for assigning matches and biogeographical ancestry to paternal and maternal sides at AncestryDNA<p>I am fortunate that I have been able to test both of my parents at AncestryDNA which means that I am able to determine whether my matches are on the paternal or maternal sides. For matches sharing over 20 centiMorgans (cM) AncestryDNA automatically label matches as belonging to the father's side or the mother's side if you have tested your parents. This does of course mean that matches sharing lower amounts of DNA are not labelled, though I can still check to see which parent matches my cousins and I can assign the match manually using the relationship assignment tool. Some matches cannot be assigned to a side as they <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2017/08/comparing-parent-and-child-matches-at.html">do not match either of my parents</a> and are therefore probably false matches, though this is less of a problem now that AncestryDNA have removed all the 6 and 7 cM matches which accounted for the bulk of the false matches.</p><p>Sorting matches into paternal and maternal sides is a much more difficult and time-consuming process when working with DNA results when data from the parents is not available. When working with my parents' matches I use the Shared Matching Tool and the coloured dots to group the matches into clusters. If I can work out the relationship with the match or assign a common ancestral couple to the cluster I can then manually assign the matches in the cluster to the paternal or maternal side but this is a slow and laborious process.</p><p>Wouldn't it be wonderful if the parental sides could be determined automatically? Fortunately that is now likely to be a reality in the very near future thanks to some ground-breaking new research from the scientists at AncestryDNA. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>AncestryDNA have developed a new methodology known as SideView which allows them to separate out the DNA inherited from each parent throughout the genome without the parents taking a DNA test. SideView will be used to power a number of new DNA features at AncestryDNA in the coming months. It will eventually allow us to see our matches separated by parental side and there will be genetic community and journey patterns for each parental side. The sides will be labelled for all of our matches down to 8 cM but the methodology is not perfect and there will be around 15% or 20% of our matches that aren't labelled. There will also some people with both parents falling in the same group and their matches will be labelled as both sides. This applies to about 3% of the AncestryDNA database.<div><br /></div><div>The technology also opens up many exciting possibilities for the future. AncestryDNA now provide traits reports so I wonder if it might one day be possible for them to identify which traits have been inherited from each parent.<br /><div><br /><div><b>"Ethnicity" inheritance</b></div><div>The first feature enabled by this new SideView technology is known as ethnicity inheritance. If you log into your Ancestry account you should now see this new feature which allows us to see which biogeographical ancestries we have inherited from each of our parents. It may take a while for the feature to roll out to the entire database. (As a side note, the term ethnicity in this context is a misnomer because <a href="https://www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/tutorials/dna/what-do-dna-test-results-mean/">ethnicity refers to our social, cultural, religious and linguistic heritage</a> and is not necessarily a reflection of our genetic ancestry inheritance though there is often some overlap.) Despite the quibble about the name, this is potentially a very useful tool, particularly for those people who know nothing about their ancestral origins.</div><div><br /></div><div>In addition to the rollout of the ethnicity inheritance feature, our "ethnicity" estimates have also been updated based on the new technology, though no new regions have been added in this latest update. Here is my updated "ethnicity" estimate: </div><div><div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiqQnPua1qnpEv3zlEakBCJE78gB4QChYiQXJqRwRVBARkyQQq4y69nFLx4LroirQDr0JtDljy4B3Qi92eYUlkq7ATtfEYi5Z76XLhrLBXRxadYucOVdmqqdPQZtgunQMu93LU-hBNH5k7QiNVc1Nryp4lE8uOJAXwRzZbRXyb-EQ5l2N79pcLemaPGPQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="601" data-original-width="592" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiqQnPua1qnpEv3zlEakBCJE78gB4QChYiQXJqRwRVBARkyQQq4y69nFLx4LroirQDr0JtDljy4B3Qi92eYUlkq7ATtfEYi5Z76XLhrLBXRxadYucOVdmqqdPQZtgunQMu93LU-hBNH5k7QiNVc1Nryp4lE8uOJAXwRzZbRXyb-EQ5l2N79pcLemaPGPQ=w393-h400" width="393" /></a></div>England has gone up from 71% to 77% since the last update in July 2021. Scotland has dropped from 20% to 14%, Wales has decreased from 8% to 6% and Ireland has gone up from 1% to 3%. The results are not too far off my documented ancestry though the Scottish percentages are still too high. I have one maternal great-great-great grandparent from Ireland and one paternal great-great-great grandparent from Scotland. All my other documented ancestry is from England. Ancestry's Wales region extends across the English border into Gloucestershire which probably explains my Welsh assignment.</div><div><br />As a reminder, it's always worth clicking on the country name to see the ranges for each different ancestry. As you can see, the range for my Scottish component is anywhere between 0% and 29%.</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqtpp3dNK7BLBIrIIp3xQIcUXVnZ9na3l1-mNXbcivv-zZVuPOAbVjLUexXDfI5wM_olLMd8CBJ3EZZTFiy3pQNZJDtqOmJclsHCfjSzV4ofE2zv0mxLPRW0kFNdyUHepa78vbF0bOr8Qw5p5r7Tlu7V189RN1JQs9-dPphzZnU1AkVMvNi24kIIieXg/s576/Scotland%20ranges%20for%20Debbie.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="576" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqtpp3dNK7BLBIrIIp3xQIcUXVnZ9na3l1-mNXbcivv-zZVuPOAbVjLUexXDfI5wM_olLMd8CBJ3EZZTFiy3pQNZJDtqOmJclsHCfjSzV4ofE2zv0mxLPRW0kFNdyUHepa78vbF0bOr8Qw5p5r7Tlu7V189RN1JQs9-dPphzZnU1AkVMvNi24kIIieXg/w400-h215/Scotland%20ranges%20for%20Debbie.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div><div>When you log into your account you will now be invited to view the new "ethnicity" inheritance feature.</div><div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgOFvhYiMbHBlqk8yvwDUaigsgDONIKcp7WY5YNRc7H1EU_ga0FeMqAsAhrwmRvrjjcNc-88HqpC7G4iNrVSk1AOLoaUeZ9E0ykYMe91AR01o3m1OIItAhX_m8NlAg8xJqSooBQUNfxooQz1F2IGIRQTpiFkXP14nZh-9rFZP0h_75B2AUxOMfk22dmcg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="162" data-original-width="577" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgOFvhYiMbHBlqk8yvwDUaigsgDONIKcp7WY5YNRc7H1EU_ga0FeMqAsAhrwmRvrjjcNc-88HqpC7G4iNrVSk1AOLoaUeZ9E0ykYMe91AR01o3m1OIItAhX_m8NlAg8xJqSooBQUNfxooQz1F2IGIRQTpiFkXP14nZh-9rFZP0h_75B2AUxOMfk22dmcg=w400-h113" width="400" /></a></div>Ancestry explain that your parents contributed to half of your DNA. You can see which ancestries you have inherited from each parent even if they haven't taken a DNA test. It is important to remember that this is not providing an estimate for our parents as we only have 50% of our DNA from each of our parents so they will have DNA that we don’t. If you are able to test your parents then you will receive insights into the DNA that they have inherited from your grandparents. For those of us who have tested our parents the ethnicity inheritance feature is currently based on the SideView technology rather than using the data from your parents, though of course your parents are your matches so they are considered part of the process.</div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgT1UlT27-_cnV4VVxl8v0bYcdO5l8NwC5kNGdux2xhpEvGQqjzIgkVuJnlrGyes4_XcRRmIkKcSD5hJIaMCOybXd2tH4H6eYVStvtOCwc9DO-DrfmTggfPR-EB9KXLeZSO21UzmyFt4i3DxmeSPLY9JPamgN4r34R_6KknwgZ5iguUo5O73wAUqvc4iw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="592" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgT1UlT27-_cnV4VVxl8v0bYcdO5l8NwC5kNGdux2xhpEvGQqjzIgkVuJnlrGyes4_XcRRmIkKcSD5hJIaMCOybXd2tH4H6eYVStvtOCwc9DO-DrfmTggfPR-EB9KXLeZSO21UzmyFt4i3DxmeSPLY9JPamgN4r34R_6KknwgZ5iguUo5O73wAUqvc4iw=w353-h400" width="353" /></a></div></div><p>If you click on "View breakdown" you will be able to see your overview report comparing your ancestry breakdown with the two halves inherited from your parents.</p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEilE1T7wLxa2ZwYnOYsmE6WcYINL8BhVJjS-i3_8LCJnQUgt7nGUQeDWr1-kNtjlzvyt4C262Blp0NeTcWA-2KsEDDJhgzgGArTmhPhX9N_WslYhGtPSyzFfu5Q7z5tf5QB3uObYEZBKFT5TnfZ-3B3hGJiIQRC3S7lsMJmYcPLIuHzzNblFNhz6oaGzA" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="1178" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEilE1T7wLxa2ZwYnOYsmE6WcYINL8BhVJjS-i3_8LCJnQUgt7nGUQeDWr1-kNtjlzvyt4C262Blp0NeTcWA-2KsEDDJhgzgGArTmhPhX9N_WslYhGtPSyzFfu5Q7z5tf5QB3uObYEZBKFT5TnfZ-3B3hGJiIQRC3S7lsMJmYcPLIuHzzNblFNhz6oaGzA=w640-h317" width="640" /></a></p><p>There is also a detailed comparison showing the information in a tabular format.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqwE6F4OQW8d_DQp8miv0mLzC_Clft8pN4cXGp7uEgUGvLdFUqx9lBsJUzG1vClrqotULJQq4sMEFnnNFuQRLKtJNvR-EsncFg_W5iBU9myQgze9VZtaaGS6ZsAgnXbpkTJkYix-WPJ2KZNFiPYHRVHbVoBgG13Ku2LB67xE3G498q_7yXMusx344fmw/s768/Ethnicity%20inheritance%20detailed%20comparison.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="653" data-original-width="768" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqwE6F4OQW8d_DQp8miv0mLzC_Clft8pN4cXGp7uEgUGvLdFUqx9lBsJUzG1vClrqotULJQq4sMEFnnNFuQRLKtJNvR-EsncFg_W5iBU9myQgze9VZtaaGS6ZsAgnXbpkTJkYix-WPJ2KZNFiPYHRVHbVoBgG13Ku2LB67xE3G498q_7yXMusx344fmw/w400-h340/Ethnicity%20inheritance%20detailed%20comparison.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>The algorithm is not able to identify which parent has contributed the ancestries to the different parental sides but from the evidence of my family tree I can infer that Parent 1 with England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland is my mum (though she has no Scottish ancestry) and Parent 2 is my dad. Ancestry intend to provide us with an Edit Parents button which will allow us to label the parental sides if you are able to determine which parents have contributed the different ancestries to your DNA. The "ethnicity" features will be integrated with the match lists and vice versa so any changes you make will be reflected throughout the entire website.</p><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Technical details<br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;">The new SideView system uses the power of AncestryDNA's massive database of over 21 million people and the vast networks of shared matches. It works on the premise that the DNA we share with our matches is only shared on one parental side. This means that if the matches can be sorted into two separate groups it will be possible to determine which side of your DNA is associated with each parent. Ancestry have found a way to assign matches into parental groups by looking at the segments of DNA shared in common with our matches. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">AncestryDNA claim that because of the size of their DNA database, SideView groups matches with a precision rate of 95% for 90% of Ancestry customers. With 11.5 million people in the database the accuracy drops to 85% for the majority of customers. With a database of five million the accuracy is around 65% and with a million people it is 50%.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Ancestry have published an excellent article in their Support Centre <a href="https://support.ancestry.co.uk/s/article/SideView-Technology">explaining how the SideView technology works</a>.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">There is also a new article in the Support Centre <a href="https://support.ancestry.co.uk/s/article/Ethnicity-Inheritance">explaining how "ethnicity" inheritance works</a>.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">They are also planning to have some interactive educational material available soon using animated GIFs to explain how DNA inheritance works and to give people a better understanding of the new SideView technology. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">The full technical details of the methodology behind SideView have been published in a new preprint by the AncestryDNA scientists Keith Noto and Luong Ruiz. The paper is entitled "Accurate genome wide phasing of IBD data" and is available on the BioRxiv preprint server: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.11.487932">https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.11.487932</a>. </div><div><p>AncestryDNA have also lodged a patent application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office which provides further highly technical information: <a href="https://uspto.report/patent/app/20210034647">https://uspto.report/patent/app/20210034647</a></p><p>There will also be an updated "ethnicity" white paper which will be available in a couple of months.</p><b>Further reading </b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.ancestry.com/corporate/newsroom/press-releases/ancestry-introduces-sideview-first-its-kind-technology-gives-individuals">Ancestry® introduces SideView™, a first-of-its-kind technology that gives individuals greater DNA insights</a> (Ancestry press release)</li><li><a href="https://www.theverge.com/2022/4/13/23021782/ancestry-dna-sort-genes-parents-ethnicity">Ancestry will tell you which genetics came from which parent</a> by Nicole Wetsman, <i>The Verge</i></li></ul><b>Related blog posts</b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2022/04/comparing-ethnicity-estimates-and.html">Comparing ethnicity estimates and ethnicity inheritance results from AncestryDNA for a child and her parents</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-19158807934364939422022-04-13T11:47:00.000+01:002022-04-13T11:47:00.433+01:00A change for e-mail subscribers to this blog<p>Time has flown by and for one reason or another I've not had much time for blogging in the last year. I note that my last blog post was published on <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2021/03/family-history-down-under-2021-four-day.html">19th March 2021</a>. I hope to rectify that in the coming weeks and months. A lot has been happening in the genealogy and genetic genealogy worlds and we can look forward to many exciting developments.</p><p>I previously used the Feedburner service to send out e-mails to my blog subscribers. Feedburner was acquired by Google in 2007. In 2021 Google announced that they were going to focus on the core Feedburner features and would no longer be supporting <a href="https://support.google.com/feedburner/answer/10483501">e-mail subscriptions</a>. I therefore had to look for a new solution. On the recommendation of my friend David Pike, I settled on a program called <a href="https://app.mailerlite.com/">Mailer Lite</a>. There was quite a steep learning curve but I hope I've now got everything sorted. If you were previously subscribed to my blog you've now been transferred to the new list. If you're reading this in your e-mail client then the transition has worked successfully. You may wish to add my e-mail address to your address book to ensure that the e-mails don't go into spam. I will monitor how the transition goes. If anyone has any problems do get in touch.</p>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-61753877461069155242021-03-19T13:09:00.000+00:002021-03-19T13:09:24.530+00:00Family History Down Under 2021 - a four-day virtual conference<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6SmYmiX5PXOxlZ-0LxeFJ2ecZjsW7QeNRlzYj5Eln6iSMEBPbNAMiTZZCHge3Pc3wcUZ36QnJt84ivWePZcpZO0sEcjPcf0Egug56VuGwp8vAEFwxfJoe8adbOJt9j19LhROkKj_Rk1mN/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="1552" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6SmYmiX5PXOxlZ-0LxeFJ2ecZjsW7QeNRlzYj5Eln6iSMEBPbNAMiTZZCHge3Pc3wcUZ36QnJt84ivWePZcpZO0sEcjPcf0Egug56VuGwp8vAEFwxfJoe8adbOJt9j19LhROkKj_Rk1mN/w640-h280/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><a href=" https://www.familyhistorydownunder.com/2021/home">Family History Down Under </a>is going online for 2021 so everyone can join the conference regardless of where they live in the world. You can watch all the presentations from the comfort of your own home and the recordings will be available until the end of July.<p></p><p>I've recorded two talks for the <a href="https://www.familyhistorydownunder.com/2021/dna-research">DNA track</a>. The first talk is entitled "DNA testing and family history: advance your genealogical research" where I provide an introduction to the practical application of DNA testing for family history research. My second talk is "Solving cold cases with genetic genealogy: can we, could we, should we?" This is an extended and updated version of <a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/genetic-genealogy-meets-csi">the talk I did at Rootstech 2021</a>. With the luxury of a 50-minute presentation I was able to explore all the issues and developments in much greater depth.<br /></p><p>The conference is divided into four tracks: DNA; researching abroad; Australia and New Zealand; and methodology and general. There are lots of excellent speakers lined up covering some very interesting subjects. You can either sign up for individual tracks or you can purchase a mega bundle which gives you access to all four tracks at a discounted price.</p><p>In order to recreate the feel of an in-person conference, Facebook groups have been set up for each of the tracks where all the speakers will be popping in from time to time to answer questions. I hope to see you there.</p><p>For more information check out the <a href=" https://www.familyhistorydownunder.com/2021/home">Family History Down Under 2021 website</a>.</p>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-28298315487730164492021-02-24T23:33:00.003+00:002021-04-13T10:06:22.128+01:00MyHeritage to be acquired by Francisco Partners<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiid0xqcjnIBQzFL6-1K6acjEOj8fBtlBUoBjYtSR8oNryb-gc-WCWk5szu64cV3vX67B_GheP4_yNwp26cahf2Oyg6mwo6MzpJ7MzR2NbffBlw7Z9AzsGZkHoPJVp2CIpemvmYNp4F9xc1/s1598/MyHeritage+homepage.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="885" data-original-width="1598" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiid0xqcjnIBQzFL6-1K6acjEOj8fBtlBUoBjYtSR8oNryb-gc-WCWk5szu64cV3vX67B_GheP4_yNwp26cahf2Oyg6mwo6MzpJ7MzR2NbffBlw7Z9AzsGZkHoPJVp2CIpemvmYNp4F9xc1/w640-h354/MyHeritage+homepage.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div>News broke today that MyHeritage is to be acquired by the private equity company Francisco Partners. This is likely to result in new investment in the company so that they can expand their market share. Hopefully genealogists will benefit from the investment and we will eventually see the introduction of lots of new features and products.</div><div><br /></div><div>You can read more about the acquisition in <a href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210224005905/en/MyHeritage-to-be-Acquired-by-Leading-Private-Equity-Firm-Francisco-Partners">this article from Business Wire</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>There is additional information in <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2021/02/24/francisco-partners-is-acquiring-myheritage-sources-say-for-600m/">this article from TechCrunch</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>See also the <a href="https://www.eogn.com/page-18080/10140617">official press release</a> from MyHeritage.</div><div><br /></div><div>I expect that we will learn more about the plans for MyHeritage at RootsTech Connect. MyHeritage have a number of talks planned for the show. You can find <a href="https://blog.myheritage.com/2021/02/meet-us-at-rootstech-2021/">a full listing on the MyHeritage blog</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Update 13th April 2021</b></div>The acquisition was completed on 8th April 2021 following regulatory approval. For details see <a href="https://blog.myheritage.com/2021/04/myheritage-acquired-by-leading-private-equity-firm-francisco-partners/">this blog post</a> from MyHeritage.<br /><br />Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-54877864288671365282021-02-24T00:26:00.007+00:002021-02-27T12:00:49.598+00:00RootsTech Connect – the pick of the talks and the final countdown<p>The clock is ticking away and the virtual doors of <a href="https://www.rootstech.org/">RootsTech Connect</a> will soon be open. The Expo Hall goes live at midnight UK time on 24th February so I will have the opportunity to have a quick look around before bedtime. Many of the exhibitors might well have special offers for the show or will be announcing new product launches.</p><p>The main website is due to go live four hours later at 4.00 am UK time. I am a night owl but 4.00 am is a bit late even for me so I will be logging on somewhat later in the morning to have a look around. Depending on where you are in the world you might get a chance to check out the website before me. One of the joys of a virtual conference is that we are not restrained by timetables and we can pick and choose the most convenient times to participate. And of course all the content will be available online for the rest of the year.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh36qIqH-7FelK5OFXpUzlpjcHokMXV8b8U7C2a0y4JICSCLj4wH1chNIPCWrcQ8LwXbCPDDMl2ahck5Fd63qrD6o2HCsTniq0_68aiztaQ0wgdyppXMOhIXLYxMl-CuCmJrgllQB2xeoNA/s752/Start+time.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="752" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh36qIqH-7FelK5OFXpUzlpjcHokMXV8b8U7C2a0y4JICSCLj4wH1chNIPCWrcQ8LwXbCPDDMl2ahck5Fd63qrD6o2HCsTniq0_68aiztaQ0wgdyppXMOhIXLYxMl-CuCmJrgllQB2xeoNA/w640-h365/Start+time.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div>Making connections will be a key component of the show. There will be a chance to chat online with the exhibitors and most of the presenters through the Connect Chat tool. Each class and all of the exhibitors will have their own dedicated chat rooms.<div><br /></div><div>To get the best out of the event I would suggest making a note of all the speakers and exhibitors you want to connect with so you get a chance to chat during the show. Once the website goes live you will be able to make a playlist of all the talks you want to watch.</div><div><br /></div><div>I've recorded two talks for RootsTech on "<a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/genetic-genealogy-meets-csi">Genetic Genealogy Meets CSI</a>" and "<a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/secrets-and-surprises-uncovering-family-history-mysteries-through-dna">Secrets and Surprises: Uncovering Family History Mysteries Through DNA</a>". Do come along and join me for a chat and I will respond as soon as I can depending on the time difference. </div><div><br /></div><div>The main stage sessions will be viewable without signing in but you will need to register and have a FamilySearch account to get the most out of the show. </div><div><br /></div><div>There seems to be some confusion about the registration process but I found that I could register through my FamilySearch account. Once you've registered, click on the bell icon for the notifications and your registration will be shown.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUr9PChCTzA2b702GnbieKFJFXwGeYeayQb77Y2Zev0ZXkCEmVrbPaetonHhpkUuMbHRwOh9I1RMRyHkd8ZpxL5fjEYS57Gf4Ed-TuFsaJFrhL82qkzCR6Y6REWhNVTTCgywr7lQ-lpOpK/s492/You+are+registered+for+RootsTech.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="167" data-original-width="492" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUr9PChCTzA2b702GnbieKFJFXwGeYeayQb77Y2Zev0ZXkCEmVrbPaetonHhpkUuMbHRwOh9I1RMRyHkd8ZpxL5fjEYS57Gf4Ed-TuFsaJFrhL82qkzCR6Y6REWhNVTTCgywr7lQ-lpOpK/w400-h136/You+are+registered+for+RootsTech.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div>There are also seem to be lots of informal groups and chats being set up as people do their best to meet up with friends and try to recreate the experience of attending an event in person.</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Debbie's pick of the talks</b></span></div>I've been having a look at the English class schedule which is available from <a href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/bc/content/RootsTech/2021/RootsTech-Connect-2021-Sessions-eng.pdf">this link</a> on the RootsTech home page. Here are my top picks of the available talks.<div><br /><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">DNA talks</h3><div>These are the DNA talks which I am most looking forward to.</div><h1><o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/series/reconstructing-parent-dna">Reconstructing Parent DNA</a> by Amy Williams, a population geneticist at Cornell University. Check out her website <a href="https://hapi-dna.org/">here</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/how-home-dna-testing-has-redefined-family-history">How Home DNA Testing Has Redefined Family History</a> by the author Libby
Copeland</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/ethical-considerations-using-dna-results">Ethical Considerations Using DNA Results</a> by genealogist Lynn Broderick</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/series/the-genetic-consequences-of-the-transatlantic-slave-trade">The Genetic Consequences of the Transatlantic Slave Trade</a> by Steven Micheletti and Joanna Mountain from 23andMe</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/strengths-and-limitations-of-genetic-testing-for-family-history">Strengths and Limitations of Genetic Testing for FamilyHistory</a> by population geneticist Ugo Alessandro Perego</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/living-dna-anthea-ring-her-story">Living DNA: Anthea Ring – Her Story</a> by Esmee Mortimer-Taylor of Living DNA </li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/living-dna-coretta-scott-king-academy-dna-results-reveal">Coretta Scott King School DNA Results Reveal</a> by Esmee
Mortimer-Taylor of Living DNA</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/ancestrydna-103-thrulines-and-custom-groups">AncestryDNA® 103: ThruLines™ and Custom Groups</a> by Brooke Alius and Randon Morford, Ancestry.com</li></ul><div>The AncestryDNA talk is intriguing and I wonder if this heralds the launch of a new Custom Groups feature for sorting and filtering our matches. [Update: This talk was in fact just a demonstration of how ThruLines works and how to use the coloured dots on the mobile app to make custom groups.]</div><div><br /></div><div>There are lots of talks for those of you who are just getting started with DNA testing. Diahan Southard of <a href="https://www.yourdnaguide.com/">Your DNA Guide</a> is always an engaging and inspiring speaker. She has a good understanding of the science and has the gift of being able to explain complicated subjects in easy-to-understand language. Diahan has<a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/speakers/diahan-southard"> recorded a number of talks for Rootstech</a> and I’m sure they will all be worth watching.</div><p></p><div><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There are talks on the basics of Y-DNA testing from <a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/using-y-dna-to-research-your-surname">MauriceGleeson</a>, <a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/live-session/the-importance-and-benefits-of-ydna-testing">Mags Gaulden</a> and <a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/introduction-to-ydna-for-genealogy">Vivs Laliberte</a>. Janine Cloud from FamilyTreeDNA has a more advanced talk on
the<a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/big-y-what-is-it-why-do-i-need-it"> BigY test</a> which I am sure will be worth watching. Michelle Leonard has recorded a talk on <a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/understanding-x-chromosome-dna-matching">Understanding X-Chromosome DNA Matching</a>. Ugo Perego has a talk on <a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/mitochondrial-dna-our-maternally-inherited-family-history">mitochondrial DNA</a> as well as a talk on his <a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/ugo-a-perego-a-personal-genetic-journey">personal genetic genealogy</a>. Ugo used to work for the now defunct <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/Sorenson_Molecular_Genealogy_Foundation">Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation</a> so I am sure he will have some interesting insights to share. Look out too for Kitty Cooper's talk on "<a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/series/the-basics-of-unknown-parentage-research-using-dna">The Basics of Unknown Parentage Research Using DNA</a>".</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Surnames</h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/surname-slip-ups-baffling-beginnings">Surname Slipups: Baffling Beginnings</a> by Carol Baxter</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/patronymics-the-cause-of-common-surnames-in-wales">Patronymics: The Cause of Common Surnames</a> in Wales by Darris G. Williams</li></ul></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Technology</h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/brian-corrales-becoming-one-worldwide-family">Becoming One Worldwide Family</a> by Brian Corrales</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/why-contribute-your-research-to-a-one-world-collaborative-tree">Why Contribute Your Research to a One World Collaborative Tree?</a> by Kitty Cooper</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/exploring-family-history-tech-with-thomas">Exploring Family History Tech</a> with Thomas by Thomas MacEntee </li><li>GEDCOM is ALIVE and Getting SMARTER by Gordon Clarke [This talk has been withdrawn. See <a href="https://www.beholdgenealogy.com/blog/?p=3724">Louis Kessler's blog post</a>.]</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/a-genealogists-secret-weapon-the-familysearch-research-wiki">A Genealogist’s Secret Weapon: The FamilySearch Research Wiki</a> by Danielle Batson</li></ul></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">English genealogy</h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/series/english-equity-court-records">English Equity Court Records</a> Dr. Nick Barratt</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/series/english-land-surveys">English Land Surveys</a> Dr. Nick Barratt</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/manorial-records-how-can-they-help-my-english-research">Manorial Records: How Can They Help My English Research?</a> Celia Heritage</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/success-with-17th-century-english-genealogy">Success with 17th-Century English Genealogy</a> by Else Churchill</li></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;">Australia and New Zealand </h3><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/from-convict-stain-to-royalty">From Convict Stain to Royalty</a> by Michelle Patient </li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/a-census-substitute-electoral-rolls">A Census Substitute: Electoral Rolls</a> by Michelle
Patient</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/following-the-gold-rushes">Following the Gold Rushes</a> by Michelle Patient</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/series/making-connections-whakawhanaungatanga-using-dna">Whakawhanaungatanga Using DNA</a> by Elena Falla Fowler</li><li><a href="https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/rtc2021/session/dna-and-the-settlers-of-taranaki-new-zealand">DNA and the Settlers of Taranaki</a>, New Zealand by Donna
Rutherford</li></ul><div><b>Further reading</b></div><div>See my previous blog post <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2021/02/rootstech-connect.html">RootsTech – a global family history show</a> for further information about RootsTech Connect. </div></div></div>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-47696146389850956942021-02-22T15:50:00.000+00:002021-02-22T15:50:26.561+00:00Free upload to MyHeritageDNA from 21st to 28th February 2021<p>MyHeritage have a very special offer on this week. If you've tested at 23andMe, AncestryDNA, FamilyTreeDNA or Living DNA you can download your raw data and upload to the MyHeritage database to get free access to all the features which are normally only available after paying the upload fee of $29. This includes access to the new <a href="https://blog.myheritage.com/2020/12/myheritage-launches-genetic-groups/">Genetic Groups feature</a>. You can see my genetic groups in the screenshot below.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA-m7jwdyYyOcn87QyNbWYsc9ML7H9EJeeArGuq2pEtYdDqPVpKeXqR2KN2zMPH7EkHLoem04niDMyt6mQfYeiayLpv5cpKBrioB6iXzgxPYds5Yt7BqklUlPmE5DpRfXwx9rv5I-2lfgi/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="1897" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA-m7jwdyYyOcn87QyNbWYsc9ML7H9EJeeArGuq2pEtYdDqPVpKeXqR2KN2zMPH7EkHLoem04niDMyt6mQfYeiayLpv5cpKBrioB6iXzgxPYds5Yt7BqklUlPmE5DpRfXwx9rv5I-2lfgi/w640-h230/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />The MyHeritage "ethnicity" estimates have not yet been updated but we are expecting this feature to be revamped later this year. I suspect when that happens my 9.2% Italian ancestry will disappear<p></p><p>MyHeritage have a database of over 4.5 million people and have much better representation in continental Europe than any of the other companies, helped by the fact that they make their website available in many different languages. One of the most useful features at MyHeritage is the ability to filter matches by the countries where your matches live. You will find you get lots of very distant matches from many different countries which are probably not related in a genealogical timeframe but this feature allows you to search for matches in the countries where you do have known relatives. In my case I am primarily focusing on matches in the UK, Australia and New Zealand.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW6Jy0o19NHlXcXkFA_9Cw7onbvStWTI3FwZd2q0B7Nh_Su4lYegyMfrVsxcwTjTKUGLAJeDakjoInscjdz6cU9Inl1HFRyz0-CKqVUHW0rZ-JiCojXH3Rvkl_GBD6EWui-gBPtYdfnW73/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="808" data-original-width="1455" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW6Jy0o19NHlXcXkFA_9Cw7onbvStWTI3FwZd2q0B7Nh_Su4lYegyMfrVsxcwTjTKUGLAJeDakjoInscjdz6cU9Inl1HFRyz0-CKqVUHW0rZ-JiCojXH3Rvkl_GBD6EWui-gBPtYdfnW73/w640-h357/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />MyHeritage have written a blog post which you can access <a href="https://blog.myheritage.com/2021/02/upload-your-dna-data-to-myheritage-and-get-free-access-to-all-dna-features-limited-time-offer/">here </a>with more details about this offer.<p></p><p>Answers to frequently asked questions about uploading data to MyHeritage can be found in their <a href="https://www.myheritage.com/help-center/en/dna/upload-dna-data">Help Centre</a>.</p><p>You can also upload your data directly via <a href="https://www.myheritage.com/dna/upload">this link</a>.</p><p>The offer is only available until 28th February so if you've not yet transferred your data I would encourage you to take advantage of the offer while you have the chance.</p>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-89856910671317297562021-02-15T14:02:00.001+00:002021-02-16T22:43:01.566+00:00Investigative genetic genealogy: current methods, knowledge and practice<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAyN6X6ABO6So_kX-nXPGkhqoui1xwGWujbSdbppg7dzLc6CsaQYT70QUorkmoIOOCGiagef5SLolNTGha1_nCyjDX06ZzlsTKm-7l947VGV8Cva3B90Zlbc066bebm0mbnDmJKN3lP9YK/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="1116" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAyN6X6ABO6So_kX-nXPGkhqoui1xwGWujbSdbppg7dzLc6CsaQYT70QUorkmoIOOCGiagef5SLolNTGha1_nCyjDX06ZzlsTKm-7l947VGV8Cva3B90Zlbc066bebm0mbnDmJKN3lP9YK/w640-h226/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />I spent much of August and September last year collaborating on a big invited review paper on investigative genetic genealogy. I am very pleased to say that the paper successfully went through peer review and has now been published in the journal <i>Forensic Science International: Genetics</i>. The paper is free to read and you can access it via <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102474">this link</a>.<p></p><p>I worked on the paper with Chris Phillips from the Institute of Forensic Sciences at the University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain and Daniel Kling and Andreas Tillmar who work together at the National Board of Forensic Medicine in Linköping, Sweden. Daniel also has an affiliation with the Department of Forensic Sciences at Oslo University Hospital in Norway. We very fortunate that Oslo University very kindly provided the funding to pay for the paper to be made available open access. It was a pleasure to collaborate with these researchers. We all had complementary knowledge and skills and we have produced a very comprehensive review of investigative genetic genealogy which also highlights areas where future research and validation are needed. The paper is written for an audience of forensic geneticists and is somewhat technical in places but I think much of it will also be of general interest to genetic genealogists.</p><p>2020 was a very productive year for me in terms of scientific publications. I collaborated in 2019 with my genetic genealogy friends John Cleary, Maurice Gleeson, Donna Rutherford and Michelle Leonard on a landmark study in collaboration with the forensic science company Eurofins which helped to validate the genealogical methodology used for investigative genetic genealogy. This paper was published in <i>Forensic Science International: Genetics</i> in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102263">May 2020 issue</a>. The cluster-based methods we used for this study are equally valid for family history research. The study was cited in a <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/use-of-genetic-genealogy-techniques-to-assist-with-solving-crimes">publication by the UK's Biometrics and Forensics Ethics Group</a> which looked at the potential use of genetic genealogy techniques to assist with solving crimes in the UK.</p><p>I also collaborated last year with Gabrielle Samuel from Kings College London on two studies looking at the views of UK stakeholders about investigative genetic genealogy. We found that, although there was considerable support for its use, there were also many ethical concerns raised. While all participants stressed the need for appropriate consent there was less agreement on what the consent process should look like and we concluded that individual consent is not in any case a panacea and that there needs to be societal consent. </p><p>The first of our two papers "The impact of investigative genetic genealogy: perceptions of UK professional and public stakeholders" was published in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102366">September 2020</a> issue of <i>Forensic Science International: Genetics</i>.</p><p>The second paper "Problematising consent: searching genetic genealogy databases for law enforcement purposes" was <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2020.1843149">published online </a>in <i>New Genetics and Society</i> in November 2020.</p><p>The above three papers are not available open access. If you would like a copy and don't have institutional access please feel free to write to me.</p>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-18986049795540194372021-02-12T13:24:00.015+00:002021-02-24T01:52:18.467+00:00Rootstech Connect 2021 – a global family history show<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZH_r4TYW9Rkga0i1AjzEJN9g0COcrey1a2wJgsgiz8KkTdEal8U2C1t-oO4Ly9vgM5oiw4-ylns8eHRFrqY7cztTcMc3ZU29A4DEL98rnzn9PCfg93oX-EqAoIQSPyv9fxtofj81SFJZm/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="439" data-original-width="1553" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZH_r4TYW9Rkga0i1AjzEJN9g0COcrey1a2wJgsgiz8KkTdEal8U2C1t-oO4Ly9vgM5oiw4-ylns8eHRFrqY7cztTcMc3ZU29A4DEL98rnzn9PCfg93oX-EqAoIQSPyv9fxtofj81SFJZm/w640-h180/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />Rootstech, the world's largest family history show, will take place from 25th to 27th February. For the first time this year it is going online and will be completely free. This will be a truly global event with speakers from around the world and with talks in over 40 different languages. Over 250,000 people from 219 countries and territories have so far registered to attend. <p></p><p>With the new online format, the talks will be done somewhat differently this year. There will be a main stage with talks from keynote speakers which will be streamed over the course of the three days in a pre-arranged schedule. In addition there are over 800 pre-recorded classes, the vast majority of which will be available online as soon as as the show opens, and you will be free to watch them at your leisure at any time of the day or night over the next year. Think of it as Netflix for genealogy. You will be able to pick and choose the content of interest and watch it at leisure from the comfort of your own home at a time that suits you with the added advantage that you do not have to pay a subscription.</p><p>Rootstech have followed the model of TED Talks and most of the presentations will be 20 minutes long, which is considered to be the optimum length for online presentations. There are some longer tutorials which have been divided up into 20-minute blocks. </p><p>I am privileged to have been chosen as one of the speakers at Rootstech Connect and have recorded two presentations: "Genetic genealogy meets CSI" and "Secrets and surprises: uncovering family history mysteries through DNA". There will be an opportunity to chat with the speakers during the show. I'm not yet sure how this is going to work out but do come along and I will be happy to answer any questions arising from my talks. There will be moderators monitoring the chats who will alert us when we get a question.</p><p>The organisers have been working really hard behind the scenes to get everything ready for the event and to build the infrastructure for the website. The full schedule has not yet gone up on the website but they have shared with the speakers the schedule for the main stage and the English class catalogue and we've been given permission to share these.</p><p>Below is a copy of the schedule for the main stage. You can find biographies of the keynote speakers <a href="https://www.rootstech.org/keynote-speakers">here</a>. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjFxKIA06Oy29DFza8LyfGvNGjJOTTLsAGO6AsszZcg0ptkJPRQU83c9jmjXkOy3hNAzcS2nZnfCePSOFaGiMaowbyxPav6q3bdAYXEHHdrYwrp9eyOwYhv__qHyAfthfkdAWiRnekEBPP/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1554" data-original-width="1544" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjFxKIA06Oy29DFza8LyfGvNGjJOTTLsAGO6AsszZcg0ptkJPRQU83c9jmjXkOy3hNAzcS2nZnfCePSOFaGiMaowbyxPav6q3bdAYXEHHdrYwrp9eyOwYhv__qHyAfthfkdAWiRnekEBPP/w635-h640/image.png" width="635" /></a></div><div>You can download a copy of the English class list from <a href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/bc/content/RootsTech/2021/RootsTech-Connect-2021-Sessions-eng.pdf">this link</a>. (The pdf is now also available via a link on the <a href="https://www.rootstech.org/">RootsTech Connect home page</a>.) These sessions are on demand which means that they can be watched any time throughout the conference or for the rest of the year. The vast majority of sessions will be available on the first day starting at a specific time. Here's a sneak preview of the start of the list.</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJtoWfIzx5Obk8farjK28gukeSAVp0Dm8g2kId0MzES1JtGBUzAJuij_gJHRMa33rm5-YbCyYgUODPq7L8KtySPmCdwZePG08QwVr3-fjWBfklGqr2Bd47ewi_20et5_SKytfV3W2sXhUB/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="1542" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJtoWfIzx5Obk8farjK28gukeSAVp0Dm8g2kId0MzES1JtGBUzAJuij_gJHRMa33rm5-YbCyYgUODPq7L8KtySPmCdwZePG08QwVr3-fjWBfklGqr2Bd47ewi_20et5_SKytfV3W2sXhUB/w640-h354/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />There are lots of interesting classes which will cater for everyone whether you've been researching for many years or you are just starting your family history research. There are also lots of interesting DNA talks.</div><div><br /></div><div>Lists of the classes in other languages should be available soon and I will share them here as soon as I have them.</div><div><br /></div><div>There will also be an Expo Hall where you will have the opportunity to meet with the exhibitors via video or live chat.</div><div><br /></div><div>If you've not yet registered for RootsTech you can <a href="https://www.rootstech.org/">sign up here</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>RootsTech Connect promises to be a really exciting event. I can't wait to start watching all the wonderful talks.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Update 23rd February 2021</b></div>There are now 433,255 registrants signed up for RootsTech Connect from 235 countries and territories. For a sneak preview of the website check out this short video below from Jen Allen at RootsTech.<div><br /><div><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/a46UyrLyghg" width="560"></iframe><p><b>Update 24th February 2021</b></p><p>Check out my follow up blog post <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2021/02/rootstech-connect-pick-of-talks-and.html">RootsTech Connect – the pick of the talks and the final countdown</a>.</p><p>Also check out this detailed blog post from FamilySearch on <a href="https://www.familysearch.org/blog/en/rootstech-connect-2021-how-to/">Getting the most out of RootsTech Connect 2021</a>. </p><p><b>Further reading</b></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.deseret.com/faith/2021/2/17/22276528/how-virtual-and-free-could-be-a-game-changer-for-rootstech-connect-2021-family-history-genealogy">How going virtual and free could be a 'game changer' for Rootstech Connect</a> by Trent Toone, <i>Deseret News</i></li><li><a href="https://www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/news/over-200000-people-sign-up-for-rootstech-connect/">Over 200,000 people sign up for Rootstech Connect</a> by Rosemary Collins, <i>Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine</i></li><li><a href="https://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2021/02/how-to-participate-in-rootstech-connect.html">How to participate in Rootstech: a survivor's guide</a> by James Tanner, <i>Genealogy's Star</i></li><li><a href="https://kindredpast.com/2021/02/17/ready-set-go-rootstech-connect-2021/">Ready, steady, go! Rootstech Connec</a>t by KindredPast</li><li><a href="https://www.legalgenealogist.com/2021/02/21/dna-at-rootstech-connect-2021">DNA at RootsTech Connect </a>by Judy Russell, <i>The Legal Genealogist</i></li><li><a href="https://thesingleleaf.com/2021/02/20/rootstech-connect-begins-february-24th-25th-depending-on-your-time-zone/">RootsTech Connect begins February 24th-25th depending on your time zone</a> by Lynn Broderick,<i> The Single Leaf</i></li><li><a href="https://one-name.org/rootstech-connect-in-2021-we-have-a-virtual-feast-of-family-history/">RootsTech Connect - in 2021 we have a virtual feast of family history</a> by the Guild of One-Name Studies</li></ul><p></p></div></div>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-89474765586285566962021-02-07T00:15:00.003+00:002021-04-09T22:08:13.459+01:0023andMe to merge with Richard Branson's company VG Acquisition Corp<div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6xsOarsvh2v-tOZLkL-QgL_SF3VpjoLC_8QR3r4MGNSUotwONzrQPDXCpDThMbahdSYvxsq_4GSzIppoa7HcfEsWYoL3RcHUyWchmUgYyvUjzxC6RfYgEaIukqLM4qfSEmyTtAwAXorrQ/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="648" data-original-width="1170" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6xsOarsvh2v-tOZLkL-QgL_SF3VpjoLC_8QR3r4MGNSUotwONzrQPDXCpDThMbahdSYvxsq_4GSzIppoa7HcfEsWYoL3RcHUyWchmUgYyvUjzxC6RfYgEaIukqLM4qfSEmyTtAwAXorrQ/w640-h354/image.png" width="640" /></a></div></div><div><br /></div>It has been an interesting start to the year in the genetic genealogy world. In January came news of the <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2021/01/merger-of-mydna-with-familytreedna-and.html">merger of MyDNA with FamilyTreeDNA and Gene by Gene</a>. Then we heard that Ancestry were <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/#">abandoning their health test</a> and that they had appointed <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2021/02/changes-at-top-at-ancestrydna.html">a new CEO and a new Chairman of the Board</a>, potentially signalling a change of a direction and a return to their core business of genealogy.<div><br /></div><div>Now we have news that 23andMe has entered into a deal to merge with Richard Branson's company VG Acquisition Corp (VGAC). VGAC is what is known as <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/4/22266661/genetic-health-23andme-public-spac-richard-branson">a special acquisition company (SPAC)</a>, otherwise known as a blank cheque company, which is formed by groups of investors who have set up the company with the sole purpose of making acquisitions and to get them quoted on the stock exchange.</div><div><br /></div><div>The deal values 23andMe at around $3.5 billion. The transaction is expected to be completed by the end of the second quarter of 2021. Once the transaction has been completed the new merged company will trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the name ME.</div><div><br /></div><div>As a result of this move, the combined company will have access to a cash fund of around $900 million which will be used to invest in "key growth initiatives across 23andMe’s consumer health and therapeutics businesses".</div><div><blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p dir="ltr" lang="en">THANK YOU to all 10M+ customers for your support, feedback & enthusiasm over the last decade. We are excited to be going public and to continue our journey pioneering a new, customer centric, healthcare world. Let’s all BENEFIT from the human genome! <a href="https://twitter.com/23andMe?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@23andMe</a> <a href="https://t.co/irMOpm2bbP">pic.twitter.com/irMOpm2bbP</a></p>— Anne Wojcicki (@annewoj23) <a href="https://twitter.com/annewoj23/status/1357341631217770498?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">February 4, 2021</a></blockquote> <script async="" charset="utf-8" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script></div><div><br /></div><div><b>What are the implications for genetic genealogy?</b></div><div>23andMe is now firmly positioning itself as a personalised healthcare and drug development company and it very much looks as though the investment money is going to be used to expand that side of the business rather than focus on genealogy. 23andMe shared an interesting <a href="https://mediacenter.23andme.com/company/investors/">slide deck</a> from a presentation they gave to investors. The ancestry reports are to be used as the "mass entry point to building a revolutionary database". They will therefore need to ensure that these reports are regularly updated and presented in an appealing way.</div><div><br /></div><div>From a personal perspective I don't think we will notice much difference. 23andMe has never been particularly useful for genealogy because about 90% of the database is in the US and I've never really had any useful matches at 23andMe. I have, however, found the health and trait reports interesting to read and the company provides some very useful educational material.</div><div><br /></div><div>I'm hoping that with Richard Branson's involvement 23andMe might pay a bit more attention to their customers outside the US. In October 2020 they launched a new subscription service known as <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/news/inside-23andme/23andmeplus/">23andMe+</a>. The subscription costs a modest sum of $29 a year and provides access to pharmacogenetic reports, enhanced ancestry features and access to new reports and features, but is currently restricted to US residents.</div><div><br /></div><div>We probably won't see any changes until the transaction has been completed but it will be interesting to see how the money gets spent and how the company develops in the next few years.</div><div><div><p><span class="_247o" data-offset-key="dc6bg-1-0" face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" spellcheck="false" style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="_247o" data-offset-key="dki6t-1-0" spellcheck="false"><span data-offset-key="dki6t-1-0" style="font-family: inherit;"><span data-text="true" style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Further reading</b></span></span></span></span></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://mediacenter.23andme.com/press-releases/23andme-merges-with-vgac/">23andMe to merge with Virgin Group’s VG Acquisition Corp. to become publicly-traded company set to revolutionize personalized healthcare and therapeutic development through human genetics</a> 23andMe press release, 4 February 2021</li><li><a href="https://mediacenter.23andme.com/press-releases/23andme-merges-with-vgac.23andme.com/company/investors/">23andMe slide deck from investors' presentation</a></li><li><span class="_247o" data-offset-key="dc6bg-1-0" face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" spellcheck="false" style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="_247o" data-offset-key="dki6t-1-0" spellcheck="false"><span data-offset-key="dki6t-1-0" style="font-family: inherit;"><span data-text="true" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-04/23andme-to-go-public-as-3-5-billion-company-via-branson-merger">23andMe goes public with $3.5 billion company with Branson aid</a> by Kristen Brown, <i>Bloomberg News</i>, 4 February 2021</span></span></span></span></li><li><a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/why-sir-richard-branson-gave-23-and-me-millions-of-dollars-to-go-public-173707175.html">Why Sir Richard Branson gave 23andMe millions of dollars to go public</a> by Brian Sozzi, <i>Yahoo Finance</i>, 4 February 2021</li><li><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/c775a255-a11c-4122-a8e4-fe9cc98ea4f2">Merger with Richard Branson's Spac values 23andMe at $3.5 billion</a> by James Fontanella-Khan and Hannah Kuchler, <i>Financial Times</i> 4 February 2021</li><li><a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/4/22266661/genetic-health-23andme-public-spac-richard-branson">Genetic testing firm 23andMe is going public via a SPAC backed by Richard Branson</a> by Kim Lyons, <i>The Verge</i>, 4 February 2021</li><li><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/feb/09/23andme-dna-privacy-richard-branson-genetics">Fears over DNA privacy as 23andMe plans to go public in deal with Richard Branson</a> by Kari Paul, <i>The Guardian</i>, 9 February 2021</li></ul></div><div><p></p></div></div>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-45310249302729386902021-02-05T15:30:00.005+00:002021-02-06T22:30:45.178+00:00Changes at the top at Ancestry<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvcMKga-qfHDUfg2Zf2gYGuQm0DJTpriAyK4usTWsEk0ANjmejHUaEC6Rb_aJeUdO6idmItV_62A4fd4qp3DH7Xf2M1m7IiTcIKJo0jtb-nObaDZnnvaDf6MAs3Km1TWc4PLMqJczN3JfT/s1712/Homepage+9.11.2019+press+pack.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="708" data-original-width="1712" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvcMKga-qfHDUfg2Zf2gYGuQm0DJTpriAyK4usTWsEk0ANjmejHUaEC6Rb_aJeUdO6idmItV_62A4fd4qp3DH7Xf2M1m7IiTcIKJo0jtb-nObaDZnnvaDf6MAs3Km1TWc4PLMqJczN3JfT/w640-h264/Homepage+9.11.2019+press+pack.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>At the beginning of December 2020 it was announced that <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/corporate/blog/ancestry-president-ceo-margo-georgiadis-step-down-end-2020">Margo Georgiadis, Ancestry's President and CEO, was planning to step down at the end of the year</a>. Georgiadis joined the company in 2018 and presided over the launch of the short-lived <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2021/01/ancestrydnas-health-test-is-to-be.html">AncestryHealth test</a> in the US which was subsequently discontinued in January 2021. During her tenure the subscriber base expanded to 3.6 million and the AncestryDNA database grew to nearly 20 million people. </p><div>At the end of January, Ancestry announced that Mark Thompson, the former Director General of the BBC, had been appointed as Chairman of the Board at Ancestry. Here is the text of the <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/corporate/newsroom/press-releases/ancestry-announces-appointment-mark-thompson-chairman-board-directors">press release from Ancestry</a>:</div><blockquote>LEHI, Utah and SAN FRANCISCO -- Jan. 29, 2021-- Ancestry®, the global leader in family history and consumer genomics, today announced the appointment of Mark Thompson as chairman of the board.<br /><br />Thompson formerly served as President & CEO at The New York Times Company, where he led the 170-year-old brand’s transformation into the world's fastest-growing and most successful news digital subscription business. During his tenure, digital subscriptions grew nine-fold to over five million and the company's market cap increased nearly five times.<br /><br />Thompson’s appointment at The New York Times Company followed an eight-year term as Director General (CEO and Editor-in-Chief) of the BBC. He is widely credited with expanding the BBC’s digital and global reach and overseeing development of the BBC iPlayer. He joined the BBC from Channel 4, where he was Chief Executive from 2002 to 2004.<br /><br />“I'm honored to be named as Chairman of the Board for Ancestry and excited to support the next chapter in the company's success,” said Thompson. “Ancestry is already the world leader in its category but I believe it has the potential to grow much further. I’m looking forward to working with the board and management team to build the business through innovation, product enhancements and investment in records, technology and data science so that many more people around the world can embark on their own journeys of personal and family discovery."<br /><br />David Kestnbaum, a Senior Managing Director at Blackstone, and Sachin Bavishi, a Managing Director at Blackstone, said “Mark’s long history of leadership, coupled with his successful track record in leading subscription and content businesses makes him an ideal Chairman. He brings a great deal of skill and strategic expertise to Ancestry. The company and the board look forward to working closely with him to accelerate Ancestry’s next phase of growth.”<br /><br />Thompson was educated at Stonyhurst College and Merton College, Oxford.</blockquote><p>This week, a few day's after the announcement of Thompson's appointment, Ancestry's Board of Directors announced that they had appointed Deborah Liu as their new Chief Executive Officer. Here is the text of the <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/corporate/newsroom/press-releases/deborah-liu-named-chief-executive-officer-ancestry">press release from Ancestry</a>:</p><blockquote>LEHI, Utah and SAN FRANCISCO -- February 2, 2021-- Ancestry®, the global leader in family history and consumer genomics, today announced that its Board of Directors has appointed Deborah (Deb) Liu as Chief Executive Officer and a member of the company’s Board of Directors, effective March 1.<br /><br />Liu joins Ancestry from Facebook where she most recently created and led Facebook's Marketplace product group. Prior to Facebook, Liu held leadership roles at eBay and PayPal. Liu is actively involved in promoting diversity and women in technology and co-created the Women in Product nonprofit. She is also a member of the Board of Directors of Intuit Inc.<br /><br />“It’s an honor to join Ancestry. I’m excited to help craft the company’s next chapter, accelerating growth in Family History subscriptions and AncestryDNA by bringing the product to more people around the world,” said Liu. “I have tremendous admiration for Ancestry’s rich history and powerful mission to empower journeys of personal discovery to enrich lives. Finding and sharing our family history and understanding the challenges and triumphs our ancestors faced helps us feel a greater sense of connection and belonging and ultimately realize our shared humanity.”<br /><br />“Ancestry already leads the field in its category but still has the potential to attract many new customers and grow its business still further,” said Mark Thompson, chairman of Ancestry’s Board of Directors. “In the course of an extensive search, it became clear to all of us that Deb was the perfect next CEO of Ancestry. She has a proven track record of product innovation and deep experience in building global consumer technology platforms. She is an outstanding leader able to inspire and motivate teams to achieve their goals.”<br /><br />David Kestnbaum, a Senior Managing Director at Blackstone, and Sachin Bavishi, a Managing Director at Blackstone, said: “Deb is a terrific leader with a very strong track record of driving innovation and growth, as well as building world-class product and technology platforms. We are excited about Ancestry’s future and look forward to partnering with Deb as she leads the company into its next phase of growth.”</blockquote><div><b>What does this mean?</b></div><div>These moves would appear to signal a welcome change of direction for Ancestry and a return to their core genealogy market with the aim of increasing family history subscriptions around the world and expanding sales of the AncestryDNA test in the international market. Of all the DNA testing companies, Ancestry has the smallest presence in the global market and their test is only sold <a href="https://support.ancestry.com/s/article/Countries-Where-AncestryDNA-is-Available">in just over 30 countries</a> so there is plenty of room for growth.</div>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-68403023482384933752021-01-15T23:20:00.001+00:002021-01-15T23:26:07.156+00:00Merger of myDNA with FamilyTreeDNA and Gene by Gene<p>It was announced last week that the Australian genomics company myDNA is to merge with the genetic genealogy company Family Tree DNA and its parent company Gene by Gene. Dr Lior Rauchberger, the CEO of myDNA, is to become the new CEO of the merged companies. Bennett Greenspan and Max Blankfeld, the co-founders of FTDNA, will join the new Board of Directors. Here is the text of the press release.</p><b><span style="font-size: large;"></span></b><blockquote><b><span style="font-size: large;">Pharmacogenetic and Genealogy Pioneers Merge for Historic Partnership</span></b><br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">myDNA and FamilyTreeDNA Share a Vision for the Future of Better Living Through the Power of DNA</span><br /><br />MELBOURNE, Australia, Jan. 7, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Dr. Lior Rauchberger, CEO of leading Australian genomics company, myDNA, announced a merger with the U.S., Houston-based consumer DNA test company, FamilyTreeDNA, and its parent company, Gene by Gene. Dr. Rauchberger will step into the role of CEO of the merged companies, effective immediately. Gene by Gene co-founders Bennett Greenspan and Max Blankfeld will join the Board of Directors.<br /><br />FamilyTreeDNA, launched in 2000, has the distinction of being the first company in the U.S to offer direct-to-consumer DNA testing for genealogical research. myDNA, founded in 2007 by Associate Professor, Les Sheffield, started with a mission to improve countless lives by revolutionizing the field of pharmacogenomics, making truly personalized medicine a reality, before expanding into nutrigenomics to deliver actionable, personalized nutrition, fitness and skincare recommendations.<br /><br />The innovative merger of myDNA and Gene by Gene is built on several shared beliefs about the tremendous potential of genetic information to dramatically improve our understanding, not only of who we are and where we come from, but by providing a scientific foundation for actionable, personalized insights, and how they can guide us in how best to care for ourselves and maintain optimal health and wellness both physically and mentally. The two businesses come together as one of the leading global experts of genealogy, pharmacogenomic and nutrigenomic services.<br /><br />At myDNA, consumer privacy is paramount. myDNA believes the importance of the consumer's ability to trust in the privacy of their genetic information, and retain control over it, cannot be overstated. Along the same line, Gene by Gene and FamilyTreeDNA will continue acting in the field of Genetic Genealogy, their original business, keeping intact their privacy rules and all terms of service.<br /><br />According to myDNA CEO, Dr. Lior Rauchberger, an M.D. who practiced medicine for nine years before becoming a leading expert in personalized medicine and the intersection of medicine and technology. "It's thanks to pioneering brands like Gene by Gene and FamilyTreeDNA that consumers see the value in safely and securely exchanging genetic information for personalized services. The Personalized Wellness revolution is only just beginning and we're eager to be able to offer FamilyTreeDNA and myDNA members a box seat to a wider range of services thanks to the merging of these fantastic businesses."<br /><br />About myDNA - <a href="https://www.mydna.life">www.mydna.life</a><br />myDNA is an Australian personalized genomics company that decodes the information in our genes to help us understand the power of our DNA and what to do with that knowledge. myDNA's tests are simple cheek-swabs that can be ordered online and carried out in the safety of your own home. Their vision is to be the world's most trusted provider of personalized, actionable, genetic information.<br /><br />About Gene by Gene - <a href="https://www.genebygene.com">www.genebygene.com</a> | <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com">www.familytreedna.com</a><br />Founded in 2000, Gene by Gene, Ltd. provides reliable genetic testing services to a wide range of consumers and institutional customers through its four divisions focusing on ancestry, health, research, and paternity. Genetic genealogy testing services are provided by FamilyTreeDNA - a division of Gene by Gene and the pioneers of the direct-to-consumer genetic genealogy industry. Gene by Gene is CAP/CLIA registered and, through its clinical health division, offers health, wellness, and regulated diagnostic testing services. The privately held company, along with its state-of-the-art Genomics Research Center, is headquartered in Houston, TX.<div><br /></div><div>Source:<a href="MELBOURNE, Australia, Jan. 7, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Dr. Lior Rauchberger, CEO of leading Australian genomics company, myDNA, announced a merger with the U.S., Houston-based consumer DNA test company, FamilyTreeDNA, and its parent company, Gene by Gene. Dr. Rauchberger will step into the role of CEO of the merged companies, effective immediately. Gene by Gene co-founders Bennett Greenspan and Max Blankfeld will join the Board of Directors. FamilyTreeDNA, launched in 2000, has the distinction of being the first company in the U.S to offer direct-to-consumer DNA testing for genealogical research. myDNA, founded in 2007 by Associate Professor, Les Sheffield, started with a mission to improve countless lives by revolutionizing the field of pharmacogenomics, making truly personalized medicine a reality, before expanding into nutrigenomics to deliver actionable, personalized nutrition, fitness and skincare recommendations. The innovative merger of myDNA and Gene by Gene is built on several shared beliefs about the tremendous potential of genetic information to dramatically improve our understanding, not only of who we are and where we come from, but by providing a scientific foundation for actionable, personalized insights, and how they can guide us in how best to care for ourselves and maintain optimal health and wellness both physically and mentally. The two businesses come together as one of the leading global experts of genealogy, pharmacogenomic and nutrigenomic services. At myDNA, consumer privacy is paramount. myDNA believes the importance of the consumer's ability to trust in the privacy of their genetic information, and retain control over it, cannot be overstated. Along the same line, Gene by Gene and FamilyTreeDNA will continue acting in the field of Genetic Genealogy, their original business, keeping intact their privacy rules and all terms of service. According to myDNA CEO, Dr. Lior Rauchberger, an M.D. who practiced medicine for nine years before becoming a leading expert in personalized medicine and the intersection of medicine and technology. "It's thanks to pioneering brands like Gene by Gene and FamilyTreeDNA that consumers see the value in safely and securely exchanging genetic information for personalized services. The Personalized Wellness revolution is only just beginning and we're eager to be able to offer FamilyTreeDNA and myDNA members a box seat to a wider range of services thanks to the merging of these fantastic businesses." About myDNA - www.mydna.life myDNA is an Australian personalized genomics company that decodes the information in our genes to help us understand the power of our DNA and what to do with that knowledge. myDNA's tests are simple cheek-swabs that can be ordered online and carried out in the safety of your own home. Their vision is to be the world's most trusted provider of personalized, actionable, genetic information. About Gene by Gene - www.genebygene.com | www.familytreedna.com Founded in 2000, Gene by Gene, Ltd. provides reliable genetic testing services to a wide range of consumers and institutional customers through its four divisions focusing on ancestry, health, research, and paternity. Genetic genealogy testing services are provided by FamilyTreeDNA - a division of Gene by Gene and the pioneers of the direct-to-consumer genetic genealogy industry. Gene by Gene is CAP/CLIA registered and, through its clinical health division, offers health, wellness, and regulated diagnostic testing services. The privately held company, along with its state-of-the-art Genomics Research Center, is headquartered in Houston, TX."> https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/pharmacogenetic-and-genealogy-pioneers-merge-for-historic-partnership-301202798.html</a></div></blockquote><div><a href="MELBOURNE, Australia, Jan. 7, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Dr. Lior Rauchberger, CEO of leading Australian genomics company, myDNA, announced a merger with the U.S., Houston-based consumer DNA test company, FamilyTreeDNA, and its parent company, Gene by Gene. Dr. Rauchberger will step into the role of CEO of the merged companies, effective immediately. Gene by Gene co-founders Bennett Greenspan and Max Blankfeld will join the Board of Directors. FamilyTreeDNA, launched in 2000, has the distinction of being the first company in the U.S to offer direct-to-consumer DNA testing for genealogical research. myDNA, founded in 2007 by Associate Professor, Les Sheffield, started with a mission to improve countless lives by revolutionizing the field of pharmacogenomics, making truly personalized medicine a reality, before expanding into nutrigenomics to deliver actionable, personalized nutrition, fitness and skincare recommendations. The innovative merger of myDNA and Gene by Gene is built on several shared beliefs about the tremendous potential of genetic information to dramatically improve our understanding, not only of who we are and where we come from, but by providing a scientific foundation for actionable, personalized insights, and how they can guide us in how best to care for ourselves and maintain optimal health and wellness both physically and mentally. The two businesses come together as one of the leading global experts of genealogy, pharmacogenomic and nutrigenomic services. At myDNA, consumer privacy is paramount. myDNA believes the importance of the consumer's ability to trust in the privacy of their genetic information, and retain control over it, cannot be overstated. Along the same line, Gene by Gene and FamilyTreeDNA will continue acting in the field of Genetic Genealogy, their original business, keeping intact their privacy rules and all terms of service. According to myDNA CEO, Dr. Lior Rauchberger, an M.D. who practiced medicine for nine years before becoming a leading expert in personalized medicine and the intersection of medicine and technology. "It's thanks to pioneering brands like Gene by Gene and FamilyTreeDNA that consumers see the value in safely and securely exchanging genetic information for personalized services. The Personalized Wellness revolution is only just beginning and we're eager to be able to offer FamilyTreeDNA and myDNA members a box seat to a wider range of services thanks to the merging of these fantastic businesses." About myDNA - www.mydna.life myDNA is an Australian personalized genomics company that decodes the information in our genes to help us understand the power of our DNA and what to do with that knowledge. myDNA's tests are simple cheek-swabs that can be ordered online and carried out in the safety of your own home. Their vision is to be the world's most trusted provider of personalized, actionable, genetic information. About Gene by Gene - www.genebygene.com | www.familytreedna.com Founded in 2000, Gene by Gene, Ltd. provides reliable genetic testing services to a wide range of consumers and institutional customers through its four divisions focusing on ancestry, health, research, and paternity. Genetic genealogy testing services are provided by FamilyTreeDNA - a division of Gene by Gene and the pioneers of the direct-to-consumer genetic genealogy industry. Gene by Gene is CAP/CLIA registered and, through its clinical health division, offers health, wellness, and regulated diagnostic testing services. The privately held company, along with its state-of-the-art Genomics Research Center, is headquartered in Houston, TX."></a></div><div>The following e-mail has been sent out to group administrators <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">̵ </span>the volunteers who run over 10,000 surname, geographical and haplogroup projects at FTDNA <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">̵ </span> have received the following e-mail from Bennett Greenspan, the current CEO:</div><blockquote><b>Dear Group Project Administrators:</b><br /> <br /> We hope this finds you and your loved ones healthy in this new year.<br /> <br /> Like every small business in the country, the past year has given us pause. We were faced with the tremendous challenge of not only finding ways for the business to survive the pandemic, but simultaneously, making FamilyTreeDNA stronger, more resilient, and ensuring its promising future. A future full of growth not only for ourselves but for the hundreds of employees who rely on our business and the millions of customers around the world who look to us to deliver pioneering advancements in consumer genetics and genealogy.<br /> <br /> After many months of consideration, we are delighted to report that FamilyTreeDNA and its parent company, Gene by Gene, have merged with myDNA, a leading Australia-based genomics company whose outstanding reputation, innovative vision, and pioneering genomics technology will allow the company to expand its product offerings.<br /> <br /> Most important to us in evaluating this merger's suitability is our shared principle of DNA privacy protections and ownership. myDNA will retain the existing privacy policy and terms of service.<br /> <br /> Our customers can expect a seamless transition as our new CEO, Dr. Lior Rauchberger, a respected physician and leader at the intersection of science and technology, takes FamilyTreeDNA and Gene by Gene into an exciting future filled with innovative life-changing advancements while continuing to invest further in FamilyTreeDNA’s genealogy products and service offerings.<br /> <br /> Although we will miss being involved in day-to-day operations, we are excited to see the next chapter of innovation and growth as board members. As we leave our roles as executives of the company and pass the baton to Dr. Rauchberger, we send a big virtual hug to each of you and express our sincere thanks to all of our Group Project Administrators. We appreciate not only your dedication to your respective projects but your support of FamilyTreeDNA as a whole over the past two decades. Your contributions have been and will continue to be vital to the health and growth of the company. “Thank you” seems inadequate when, frankly, we would not be the company we are now without your efforts, but we say it anyway. <br /> <br /> Thank you.<br /></blockquote><p>Just as I was compiling this blog post I also received the e-mail that has been sent out to FTDNA customers. I've copied the text below in case anyone has not received it.</p><p></p><blockquote><p>Dear Customers,<br /><br />We hope this finds you and your loved ones healthy in this new year.<br /><br />We are thrilled to announce that FamilyTreeDNA and our parent company, Gene by Gene, have merged with myDNA, a leading genomics company that is revolutionizing the field of pharmacogenomics.<br /><br />The innovative merger of myDNA and Gene by Gene is built on a set of shared beliefs that genetic information has a tremendous potential to give us an understanding about ourselves that we would not otherwise have. In addition to dramatically improving our awareness of who we are and from where we come, we strongly believe that genetic information can give us a scientific foundation for actionable, personalized insights that can guide us in how best to care for ourselves and maintain optimal health and wellness, both physically and mentally.<br /><br /><b>What does this mean for you?</b><br /><br />Day-to-day, it’s business as usual, but we now have new resources and capabilities to continue driving value for you, our customers. In addition, FamilyTreeDNA will retain the existing privacy policy and Terms of Service. <br /><br /><b>What does this mean for us?</b><br /><br />Our head office and laboratory remain in Houston, Texas, and our dedicated team members will continue to operate as FamilyTreeDNA and Gene by Gene.<br /><br /><b>Our story continues…</b><br /><br />Joining forces, with a company that is as passionate about genetics as we are, is what takes us into the next chapter in our story. Our new CEO, Dr. Lior Rauchberger, a respected physician and leader at the intersection of science and technology, will collaborate with our current experienced and trusted staff to help guide us into an exciting new future. A future filled with innovative, life-changing advancements in genetic genealogy, pharmacogenomics, and nutrigenomics. Stay tuned to see where our growth and innovation takes us from here.<br /><br /><b>Thank you!</b></p><p>We thank each of you for putting your trust in us over the last 20 years and for bringing us to where we are today. We come to work every day for you. Our developers, product owners, scientists…every one of us is driven by the desire to help build connections while also discovering more about ourselves and humankind. Our commitment to those concepts is stronger than ever during this exciting time.<br /><br />Thank you.<br /><br />FamilyTreeDNA</p></blockquote><p><b>
Who are myDNA?<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswHZbO0SyWxu4pYoa26eBJq1TzjHDVtnCNWh7-SCBD0ZSfdEY-6PcEx0ip8m7q34FjsW9-lNJtEI5IVzM2M9EPV8-a_hSbfFS4UVClqDIcubNHRswGoIKgftnMCAsyZtv5Qnm5JfBKmEK/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="805" data-original-width="1565" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswHZbO0SyWxu4pYoa26eBJq1TzjHDVtnCNWh7-SCBD0ZSfdEY-6PcEx0ip8m7q34FjsW9-lNJtEI5IVzM2M9EPV8-a_hSbfFS4UVClqDIcubNHRswGoIKgftnMCAsyZtv5Qnm5JfBKmEK/w640-h330/image.png" width="640" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b>I had not previously heard of myDNA so I have done some research. According to their website, the company (previously known as <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">GenesFX Health Pty Ltd</a>) was founded in 2007 by Les Sheffield, who was Australia's first qualified clinical geneticist. His vision was "to eradicate the guesswork from prescribing medicines". This is an emerging field known as <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">pharmacogenomics</a>, though such tests seem to have found little practical clinical application. Since then the company have expanded into "other areas of health and wellness". They offer tests which purport to provide personalised diet and and fitness plans based on your genetics. These DNA tests cost AU $ 69 and there is then a monthly subscription of $14.95 a month after an initial free period. The company has a global membership of 85,000.<br /><br />New ownership will potentially bring benefits to FTDNA with new investment leading to the development of new features and products. myDNA received <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">$10 million of venture capital funding in 2017</a> so we can but hope that some of that money will be spent on developing the genetic genealogy business, improving the website and developing the IT infrastructure. An overhaul of FTDNA's Family Finder test in particular is long overdue. Most of FTDNA's sales have been by word of mouth and they have done very little in the way of marketing, especially outside the US. There is great scope for a further expansion of the Y-DNA and mtDNA databases, particularly in the international market.<br /><br />MyDNA have quite a lot of <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">scientific experts</a> on their team who will bring in a different perspective and that can only be a good thing and might perhaps also help to bring a more scientific approach to autosomal DNA matching.<br /><br />I am, however, concerned about myDNA's emphasis on DNA testing for diet and nutrition which is at the rather dubious end of the DNA testing spectrum, though I am happy to be proved wrong. MyDNA were previously involved in a scheme to <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">offer pharmacy assistants in Australia financial inducements to sell their tests</a>. The programme was withdrawn before it had even started so let's hope they have learnt lessons from their mistakes. <br /><br />FTDNA was previously involved with <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Vitagene</a>, a company which offers diet, supplement and fitness reports. These tests were offered to FTDNA's customers as a partner service, and I have always been uncomfortable with this association. Fortunately, the link to buy the Vitagene tests no longer seems to be available through FTDNA, though customers who previously ordered the reports still appear to have access.<br /><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Privacy implications</b></span><p></p><div>myDNA have stated that "consumer privacy is paramount" and their <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">privacy policy</a> says: "Your DNA sample and data remain your property, are stored on secure encrypted services, can be destroyed anytime at your request, and will never be shared without your consent". It will therefore be interesting to see if the merger will bring about a change in FTDNA's previously lax attitudes to privacy and consent. At the beginning of 2019 we learnt that FTDNA had been <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">allowing the FBI to upload DNA profiles to the Family Finder database</a> without the knowledge or consent of customers. As a result of FTDNA's actions, customers who did not wish to share their profiles with US law enforcement had no choice but to opt out of relative matching altogether, thus losing access to the valuable genealogy service that they had paid for. FamilyTreeDNA did eventually bow to public pressure and in March 2019 they gave customers the ability to <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">opt out of law enforcement matching</a> while allowing access to the regular relative-matching database.<br /><br />When the law enforcement opt out was introduced, FTDNA made an exception for EU customers and they were all automatically opted out of law enforcement matching to comply with GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation), though they could choose to opt in again if they preferred. However, FTDNA does not collect postal addresses for anyone using the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">autosomal DNA transfer programme</a>, so all of these kits, including EU kits, were not opted out. An e-mail was sent out to FTDNA customers, but many people will have changed e-mail addresses and will not have been notified. This means that many international and domestic customers will be sharing their profiles with US law enforcement without their knowledge and consent. For the EU customers affected this sharing is likely to be in breach of GDPR.<br /><br />Going forwards, new customers can decide when they purchase a kit whether they wish to make their profiles available for law enforcement, though many people feel that the process should be more transparent.<br /><br />To make matters worse, we learnt from <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">an article in the Los Angeles Times in December last year</a> that the FBI breaches of the FTDNA database were not involuntary as we had previously been told, but that FTDNA had actively collaborated with the FBI and that they had done the testing for the <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2018/04/gedmatch-ysearch-and-golden-state-killer.html">Golden State Killer case</a> and had allowed the profile to be covertly uploaded to their database. FTDNA was treated as a confidential source by the FBI and they invoked a legal privilege to protect their sources so FTDNA was not able to disclose this information. This does of course raise all sorts of questions about the transparency and accountability of the FBI and their extra-territorial reach. It is completely unacceptable and disproportionate for the FBI to demand access to the profiles of non-US customers without consent to solve a crime in the US. This is also of particular concern given that the US is one of a minority of countries which, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">in a major breach of human rights</a>, still uses the death penalty. </div><div><br /></div><div>Unexpectedly it transpired that many people were in fact very happy to share their profiles with law enforcement. This was perhaps not so surprising after all given the massive failings of the US justice system which has resulted in tens of thousands of prisoners and sex offenders who are missing from the national CODIS database. In addition there are backlogs of thousands of untested sexual assault kits. As a result it is estimated that there are <a href="https://www.ojp.gov/news/ojp-blogs/2019/crisis-cold-cases">250,000 unsolved cold cases in the US</a> and <a href="https://www.nfstc.org/programs/namus/index.html">over 100,000 unsolved missing person cases along with 40,000 unidentified human remains</a>. We all want to see crimes solved and to live in a safe society, so if the US government has failed to take action then it's perhaps understandable that people want to help in any way they can. However, this needs to be done in a responsible way and with suitable ethical and regulatory oversight.<br /><br />Australia has similar privacy laws to the UK and a privacy regulator in the form of the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Australian Information Commissioner</a> who appears to play a similar role as the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">Information Commissioner in the UK</a>. Rather than retaining FTDNA's existing privacy policy and terms of service, I'm hoping that the merger will be the catalyst for change to comply with EU, UK and Australian privacy legislation. FTDNA's mis-steps with law enforcement have damaged consumer confidence in the company and have probably affected sales too. Of the big four companies, FTDNA have by far the smallest autosomal DNA database, despite the fact that they were the second company to launch such a test way back in February 2010. The merger is an opportunity for change. Let's hope that they take full advantage for the benefit of us all.<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Further reading</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.legalgenealogist.com/2021/01/10/dna-winds-of-change/">DNA winds of change</a> by Judy Russell, <i>The Legal Genealogist</i>, 10 January 2021</li><li><a href="https://thednageek.com/trust/">Trust</a> by Leah Larkin, <i>The DNA Geek</i>, 11 January 2021</li><li><a href="https://dna-explained.com/2021/01/07/mydna-merges-with-familytreedna-and-gene-by-gene/">MyDNA merges with FamilyTreeDNA and Gene by Gene</a> by Roberta Estes, <i>DNAeXplained</i>, 7 January 2021.</li></ul></div>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-52560097562171994852021-01-15T01:28:00.009+00:002021-01-22T21:43:39.834+00:00AncestryDNA's health test is to be discontinued<div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzg0btEf1-YSzEy-YCQkeAhlqfZ0yK1jVnNO20nsw8VJMEXUIpbIEy2V7HxyjcEEZp9IvgXG7gDjUnWSRCBYf37b-DP3Vy1e7GxS43yC5iwdQPfrFFBre35oUEvMs4OTUVJ5GzkvAZbcNA/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="1850" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzg0btEf1-YSzEy-YCQkeAhlqfZ0yK1jVnNO20nsw8VJMEXUIpbIEy2V7HxyjcEEZp9IvgXG7gDjUnWSRCBYf37b-DP3Vy1e7GxS43yC5iwdQPfrFFBre35oUEvMs4OTUVJ5GzkvAZbcNA/w640-h274/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><i>Bloomberg News</i> reports that <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-14/ancestry-pulling-health-dna-test-just-over-a-year-after-launch " target="">Ancestry are discontinuing their health test</a> after just over a year to focus on their core family tree business. This will lead to the loss of 77 jobs. These job losses are on top of the <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/05/ancestry-layoffs-of-6percent-100-people-amid-dna-test-slowdown.html" target="">100 redundancies announced in February 2020</a> which were attributed to “a slowdown in demand across the entire DNA category” now that “most early adopters have entered the category.” </div><div><br /></div><div>There has also been speculation that sales of DNA kits have slowed because of privacy concerns and the use of genetic genealogy databases by law enforcement agencies in the US, though this effect has been difficult to quantify. Ancestry's <a href="https://www.ancestry.co.uk/cs/legal/lawenforcement">Guide for Law Enforcement</a> states:</div><blockquote>Ancestry does not voluntarily cooperate with law enforcement. To provide our Users with the greatest protection under the law, we require all government agencies seeking access to Ancestry customers’ data to follow valid legal process and <u><b>do not </b></u>allow law enforcement to use Ancestry’s services to investigate crimes or to identify human remains.</blockquote><div>However, the media reporting often conflates Ancestry with FamilyTreeDNA and GEDmatch, the two ancestry companies that do permit law enforcement access so there might well have been an indirect effect. </div><div><br /></div><div>Ancestry's health product, known as <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/health" target="">AncestryHealth</a>, was <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2019/10/launch-of-ancestryhealth-in-us.html" target="">launched to a great fanfare in October 2019</a>, but the test was only ever available to customers in the US.</div><div><br /></div><div>It was announced in August that Ancestry was to be <a href="https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/05/blackstone-ancestry-dna-acquisition/">acquired by the investment company Blackstone</a>, though GIC, a sovereign wealth fund in Singapore, would <a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/blackstone-buys-ancestrycom-for-us47-billion-as-gic-retains-stake">continue to maintain a minority stake in the company</a>. The $4.7 billion acquisition was<a href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201204005567/en/Blackstone-Completes-Acquisition-of-Ancestry%C2%AE-Leading-Online-Family-History-Business-for-4.7-Billion"> duly completed in December 2020</a>. At the same time, we learnt that Margo Georgiadis, Ancestry's President & CEO, was going to leave the company at the end of 2020. A new CEO is expected to be appointed in early 2021 who will "drive the next phase of the company's ongoing growth". Georgiadis was only appointed in 2018. In a blog post announcing her departure Ancestry said that during her tenure:<br /><blockquote>the company has grown to more than 3.6 million subscribers and built the largest consumer DNA network in the world with nearly 20 million people. Ancestry’s core Family History subscription revenue, which anchors the company, has reached $1 billion. The company has also dramatically strengthened margins and delivered record-setting cash flow. </blockquote>Clearly sales of AncestryHealth have not met expectations but this may be good news for genealogists and we might well see more investment in the genealogy and genetic genealogy side of the business.<br /><br />Blackstone's acquisition of Ancestry was apparently done with an eye on expanding <a href="https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/05/blackstone-ancestry-dna-acquisition/">Ancestry's appeal in international markets</a>. The AncestryDNA test is currently <a href="https://support.ancestry.com/s/article/Countries-Where-AncestryDNA-is-Available">only available in just over 30 countries</a>, and is not sold in some major European countries such as France, Italy and Spain. The test was at one time sold in Belgium but was withdrawn last year for undisclosed reasons. The market might well have reached saturation point in the US but there is still plenty of scope for expansion in the rest of the world. It will be interesting to see what happens in the coming year.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Update 22nd January 2021</b></div><div>Three further articles provide more information about the discontinuation of AncestryHealth:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://support.ancestry.com/s/article/Discontinuation-of-AncestryHealth">Discontinuation of AncestryHealth</a> - a blog post from Ancestry</li><li><a href="https://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/ancestry-discontinue-ngs-based-ancestryhealth-service">Ancestry to discontinue NGS-based AncestryHealth service</a> - an article from GenomeWeb</li><li><a href="https://www.genomeweb.com/business-news/ancestry-shutters-health-offering-raising-questions-about-future-consumer-genomics">Ancestry shutters health offering, raising questions about future of consumer genomics</a> - a premium article by Justin Petrone of GenomeWeb </li></ul></div>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-45894303430631794092021-01-11T22:41:00.000+00:002021-01-11T22:41:01.317+00:00Oxford Ancestors have ceased trading<p>It was announced back in March 2018 that Oxford Ancestors would be <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2018/03/farewell-to-oxford-ancestors.html" target="_blank">closing down in the summer</a>. Bryan Sykes, the company's founder, announced that he would be leaving Oxford "to live abroad and write more books". It turned out that the reports of the company's demise were <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2018/06/oxford-ancestors-is-not-dead-yet.html" target="_blank">premature</a>, and they continued to accept orders for a further two years. However, sadly Bryan Sykes did not get the opportunity to write another book. His health deteriorated and we learnt recently that he passed away on 10th December 2020. An obituary was published in <i><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/science/bryan-sykes-dead.html" target="_blank">The Guardian</a> </i>and also in the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/science/bryan-sykes-dead.html" style="font-style: italic;" target="_blank">New York Times</a><i>.</i></p><p>Oxford Ancestors ceased trading on 31st December 2020. The following announcement is currently shown on the <a href="https://www.oxfordancestors.com/important-announcement" target="_blank">company website</a>.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidkuZrGYpSGP1LwT6JQ80OL6yruourRKuo6Yq_VklzjQj63a9uBabYRbQkAlb2J9voxPQosiC8Y0SjqOIxGT5lBHsBlRelwjD8G8YYjJL2r2wTlHyGcasPhoAlnBHOTfk4tmX3hkJOKwrx/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="692" data-original-width="1418" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidkuZrGYpSGP1LwT6JQ80OL6yruourRKuo6Yq_VklzjQj63a9uBabYRbQkAlb2J9voxPQosiC8Y0SjqOIxGT5lBHsBlRelwjD8G8YYjJL2r2wTlHyGcasPhoAlnBHOTfk4tmX3hkJOKwrx/w640-h312/image.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />The following is the text of the announcement:<div><blockquote>It is with great sadness we announce the death of Professor Bryan Sykes on 10 December 2020.<br /><br />Bryan was the inspiration for the founding of Oxford Ancestors in 2001 and all the science behind it. His passion for translating the excitement of scientific discovery into enjoyment for all was immeasurable.<br /><br />In the last few months, Bryan made sure that systems and training were in place within Oxford Ancestors such that the Company could operate in his absence except in cases of unusual results or unusual queries needing his expert interpretation.<br /><br />Nevertheless Oxford Ancestors will cease trading on 31 December 2020.<br /><br />All orders placed up to and including this date will be processed as usual.<br /><br />All samples received up to 31 March 2021 will be analysed and results reported in the usual manner.<br /><br />Access to the company database will remain open until 30 September 2021.<br /><br />Communications should use the webform facility accessed through our website <a href="https://www.oxfordancestors.com/contact">here</a>.<br /><br />Oxford Ancestors, 18 December 2020.</blockquote><p>Oxford Ancestors was one of the first two companies to offer genetic genealogy tests direct to the consumer. They launched in May 2000 in the same month as FamilyTreeDNA started their company in the US. Oxford Ancestors specialised in Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA testing, building on the publicity generated by Sykes' book <i>The Seven Daughters of Eve</i>. However, the company failed to keep up with the times and, unlike FamilyTreeDNA, who continued to develop their products and now provide advanced tests for genetic genealogists at competitive prices, Oxford Ancestors carried on offering the same low-resolution tests which they sold at highly inflated prices. Nevertheless it is sad to see the demise of one of the pioneering companies. <i>The Seven Daughters of Eve</i> was a popular science book and despite the lack of solid science was an entertaining read and it introduced many people to the world of genetic genealogy.</p></div>
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</iframe>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-91654307498508294142020-09-01T22:36:00.001+01:002020-09-03T20:55:30.706+01:00The AncestryDNA matching updates have now been completed<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Wmxqb3Y1Ov2HOWFed0rJRLiXWhzV3Sa10QS0mu94dxdpkWj8hZV-GNalcqRiQDe4wH7UOhkT9WUSIm_vu-8vHExEBfgy99LJiJqPrh2EJmvwil_D0x9DhRQUpiOc3fUZyUDsnBXwvudh/s1340/AncestryDNA+matches+home+page.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="1340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Wmxqb3Y1Ov2HOWFed0rJRLiXWhzV3Sa10QS0mu94dxdpkWj8hZV-GNalcqRiQDe4wH7UOhkT9WUSIm_vu-8vHExEBfgy99LJiJqPrh2EJmvwil_D0x9DhRQUpiOc3fUZyUDsnBXwvudh/s640/AncestryDNA+matches+home+page.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p>I wrote back<a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2020/07/some-updates-to-ancestrydnas-matching.html" target="_blank"> in mid July that AncestryDNA would be updating their matching algorithms</a> to provide information on the length of the longest segment and a more accurate tally of the number of matching segments. AncestryDNA also announced that they would no longer be reporting matches that shared a total of 8 cM or less after the application of the Timber algorithm. These changes were rolled out gradually in August with the small matches finally disappearing shortly before midnight last night UK time.</p><p>I made a note yesterday afternoon before the small matches disappeared of the number of matches at AncestryDNA for me, my mum and my dad. I've done a before and after comparison along with a comparison of the number of matches, where available, at the other testing companies. The number of 4th cousin or closer matches at AncestryDNA remains unchanged.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3iiTTaEsCFJeL2QybYnwowHcof8JCuEvrAwH3LaznXbriA4I6zYJiOhfWAr2KLQWjKYwPNqeMRSf9F2KqBLEsyeJ6hRFatVplwc8nyOkQSnzQIn0aOXihyq3ijh2SyTD4zwXB74xOH1Y2/s873/Cross+company+match+tallies.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="144" data-original-width="873" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3iiTTaEsCFJeL2QybYnwowHcof8JCuEvrAwH3LaznXbriA4I6zYJiOhfWAr2KLQWjKYwPNqeMRSf9F2KqBLEsyeJ6hRFatVplwc8nyOkQSnzQIn0aOXihyq3ijh2SyTD4zwXB74xOH1Y2/s640/Cross+company+match+tallies.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>I've lost 66% of my matches at AncestryDNA but in reality this is no great loss as so many of these small matches are <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2017/07/parent-and-child-comparisons-at_26.html" target="_blank">false matches which don't match either of my parents</a>. Even when the person does match one of my parents I often find that the documentary link is on the wrong side, for example, the person has a DNA match with my dad but I've identified a genealogical link on my mum's side. Even if these small matches are valid, they are far more likely <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/Identical_by_descent#/media/File:Speed_and_Balding_IBD_distribution.jpg" target="_blank">to trace back 10, 20 or 30 generation</a>s rather than fall within a useful genealogical timeframe. There are currently no tools which can determine the age of a single segment match and tell us whether we are matching a fifth cousin rather than a twentieth cousin. It's impossible to work with such small DNA matches when probably 95% or more of them are either false matches or very old matches. With whole genome sequencing we will probably have the ability to make these distinctions but that is currently a long way off. </div><div><br /></div>AncestryDNA previously set a much lower threshold for matching than 23andMe, FamilyTreeDNA and MyHeritage so this update now brings them more into line with the other companies. Ancestry have by far the largest database with over 18 million people tested so it's not surprising that my family have far more matches there than at any other company even after the purge. I was surprised to find that my transfer kit at MyHeritage had nearly 2000 more matches than the test I did directly with the company when I ordered their Health and Ancestry test. 23andMe restrict the number of matches to 2000 and this total includes people in the database who have not opted in to relative matching. However, they have just launched a new invite-only subscription Premium Membership which will provide new health reports as well as additional ancestry features such as the ability to view four times more DNA Relatives. For details <a href="https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/360042867394-23andMe-Premium-Subscription" target="_blank">see this page on the 23andMe website</a> though you will need to be logged into your 23andMe account to view the page. If this trial is successful we may well see other companies offering access to a more extensive match list for a fee though I suspect that for the vast majority of AncestryDNA users a list of 10,000 or more matches is more than they can realistically handle. <div><div><br /></div><div><div>I've not yet had much time to look at the new information about the number of matching segments and the length of the longest segment. However, if a match only shares a single segment we can now get an idea of how Ancestry's Timber algorithm works because it is applied after the longest segment has been identified. Timber has the effect of downweighting regions where there are large numbers of matches. Matches are only likely to be genealogically relevant if they fall in a region which is shared with just a few cousins in your family rather than being shared with large numbers of people in the general population. Timber is only applied to matches sharing 90 cM or less. For full details see the updated <a href="https://www.ancestrycdn.com/support/us/2020/08/matchingwhitepaper.pdf" target="_blank">AncestryDNA Matching White Paper</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Unless you're from an <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/Endogamy" target="_blank">endogamous population</a> you'll probably find that Timber has had little or no effect on most of your matches. For my match below, the longest segment size is identical to the total cM shared.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghBkuLX7KxAkaYS1y7T3XYwVVTuB9yXlklH7rHqykcmftCvIaZ511emLmpPLKENiorj3-cyePrXJ1eHU9akdvZSzhDnwAjdiUc6EZVtkkDwFob6sukngX4gaIFgGaAdfjh9qZUoADxnPs7/s454/17+cM+no+change.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="134" data-original-width="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghBkuLX7KxAkaYS1y7T3XYwVVTuB9yXlklH7rHqykcmftCvIaZ511emLmpPLKENiorj3-cyePrXJ1eHU9akdvZSzhDnwAjdiUc6EZVtkkDwFob6sukngX4gaIFgGaAdfjh9qZUoADxnPs7/s0/17+cM+no+change.jpg" /></a></div>In other cases I am finding minor discrepancies in the matches, sometimes of just one or two cM or, as in the case below, a small reduction of just 0.1 cM.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxGTHca8Z9coT7hrlpp8GSbuA4oaWMwBsTEFtKVIaRgcJSLMjvcBT-IC2Pq5oTvKTP71Bzz7Y6uY36F2JOGT3_e9qs7V_Sd8SoVpwglEkOzc9Zx0NViMsbijeqX5ba9tyngTuHbej1fxwa/s464/Small+adjustment.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="152" data-original-width="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxGTHca8Z9coT7hrlpp8GSbuA4oaWMwBsTEFtKVIaRgcJSLMjvcBT-IC2Pq5oTvKTP71Bzz7Y6uY36F2JOGT3_e9qs7V_Sd8SoVpwglEkOzc9Zx0NViMsbijeqX5ba9tyngTuHbej1fxwa/s0/Small+adjustment.jpg" /></a></div>However, I have found one single segment match where there was a sizeable discrepancy.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVed-lv_0J7HI4NZ2YTwAxn-WTonoO83sFNLatKzifaaL3DLIKlaanQ3_bebSRVdYJlp3OEI2BV4sKlNQ9xWJ5-RQjDtInDdeqZx6vLsQl5POb79oWTWE-WJKvttZYFVAPUPdzFUBCT_5G/s382/20+cM+difference.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="136" data-original-width="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVed-lv_0J7HI4NZ2YTwAxn-WTonoO83sFNLatKzifaaL3DLIKlaanQ3_bebSRVdYJlp3OEI2BV4sKlNQ9xWJ5-RQjDtInDdeqZx6vLsQl5POb79oWTWE-WJKvttZYFVAPUPdzFUBCT_5G/s0/20+cM+difference.jpg" /></a></div>This match lives in Canada and has ancestry from Scotland, Wales, Norway and Newfoundland. I can see that the match is on my maternal side. For my mum the match has been similarly reduced in size from 56 cM to 38 cM. My mum has no known ancestry from Scotland, Wales or Norway and I'm not aware of any maternal ancestors or relatives who emigrated to Newfoundland. It seems unlikely that I will be able to document a connection and the fact that the match has been so drastically reduced is probably a red flag that this match should be treated with caution. I've clicked through to look at quite a few more matches but have not found any others with quite such a big discrepancy though I've found a few matches where there is a difference of 5 or 10 cM.</div><div><div><br /><div>It will be interesting to see if people are able to make use of the longest segment data. I think it might be helpful, as in the example above, in highlighting matches that appear to fall into problem areas and which are likely to be less useful for genealogical purposes. See for example <a href="https://hawaiiandna.wordpress.com/2020/08/19/ancestry-is-finally-showing-longest-segment-size/" target="_blank">this very interesting blog post from Kalani Mondoy</a> where he has shown how useful the longest segment data has been for him to distinguish between his genuine Hawaiian matches and the very distant Maori matches which are indicative of shared ancestry from about a thousand years ago before the two populations split.</div><div><br /></div><div>I would hope that AncestryDNA will eventually be able to use the longest segment data to refine the matches for people with ancestry from endogamous populations. I have access to a British Ashkenazi Jewish account at Ancestry where the individual previously had 224,377 matches. After the match reduction there are still 169,928 matches remaining. There is clearly great scope for improving the matching for these populations.</div><div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFsvGai1weV1E_qqr-B0_wO2mRgFOGk3sns4Y3a5ll8HbRvXPDCX9GHNZGqImkzSrGwtYu4V1TjsdEXaQ9hyphenhyphenC5FTQ2hl_AelPIqt_VXXqoQx_vl86ExyRc9zndkvG5TS8ji6Is6ci40ky3/s354/Jewish+matches.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFsvGai1weV1E_qqr-B0_wO2mRgFOGk3sns4Y3a5ll8HbRvXPDCX9GHNZGqImkzSrGwtYu4V1TjsdEXaQ9hyphenhyphenC5FTQ2hl_AelPIqt_VXXqoQx_vl86ExyRc9zndkvG5TS8ji6Is6ci40ky3/s0/Jewish+matches.jpg" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>The reduction in matches at AncestryDNA proved surprisingly controversial with some people, particularly those of African American heritage, arguing passionately for their retention. See, for example, <a href="https://tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com/2020/07/28/why-even-small-african-matches-matter/" target="_blank">this blog post by Fonte Felipe</a>. However, the reduction has taken place and the decision is not likely to be reversed. We need to focus on what we can do and not what we can't do. How are you making use of the new segment data and the information about the longest segment? What tips do you have for making the most of your AncestryDNA matches? Do let me know what you think.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Update 3rd September 2020</b></div><div>AncestryDNA confirmed today in a conference call that they will soon be showing us the unweighted pre-Timber total cM shared. This will allow us to see at first hand how much of an effect, if any, the Timber algorithm is having on our matches. No exact date has been promised but the information is expected to be added to our accounts in the next two weeks or so.<br /><p><b>Further reading</b></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://blog.kittycooper.com/2020/08/the-small-matches-at-ancestry-are-gone/" target="_blank">The small matches at Ancestry are gone!</a> by Kitty Cooper</li><li><a href="https://blog.kittycooper.com/2020/08/ancestry-and-the-longest-segment/" target="_blank">Ancestry and the longest segment</a> by Kitty Cooper</li><li><a href="https://hawaiiandna.wordpress.com/2020/08/19/ancestry-is-finally-showing-longest-segment-size/" target="_blank">Ancestry is finally showing longest segment size</a> by Kalani Mondoy</li></ul></div></div></div></div></div>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-24282986950025090272020-07-21T23:25:00.001+01:002020-07-21T23:37:03.647+01:00Malicious phishing attempt at MyHeritageFollowing on from the recent <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2020/07/major-privacy-breach-at-gedmatch.html" target="_blank">security breach at GEDmatch</a>, there has now been a malicious phishing attempt at MyHeritage which is possibly linked to the GEDmatch breach. Thanks to the prompt actions by MyHeritage staff the threat appears to have been averted but make sure you watch out for fake e-mails purporting to come from the company. <div><br /></div><div>It is quite possible that the other genetic genealogy companies will similarly be targeted for phishing attacks so be alert and look out for any suspicious e-mails and check the reply field to ensure that the e-mail is legitimate.</div><div><br /></div><div>You can read about the MyHeritage incident in their blog post:</div><div> </div><a href="https://blog.myheritage.com/2020/07/security-alert-malicious-phishing-attempt-detected-possibly-connected-to-gedmatch-breach/" target="_blank">Security alert: malicious phishing attempt detected, possibly connected to GEDmatch breach</a><div><br /></div><div>My post on the <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2020/07/major-privacy-breach-at-gedmatch.html" target="_blank">GEDmatch security breach</a> has been updated several times since I published it on Sunday so do check back if you want to keep on top of all the developments.<br /><br /><br /><br /></div>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-57504036883136700352020-07-19T22:41:00.021+01:002020-08-08T13:42:53.459+01:00Major privacy breach at GEDmatchThere has been a major privacy breach at <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/GEDmatch">GEDmatch</a>, the third-party genetic genealogy website which has become well known in the last two years because of its use by law enforcement agencies in the US to solve cold cases. A member of the Genetic Genealogy Ireland Facebook group <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/geneticgenealogyireland/permalink/1700470263425683/">posted a message</a> at lunchtime today (13.38 pm UK time) to advise that the site had been compromised and that people were receiving what appeared to be fake matches with suspicious e-mail addresses.(This Facebook post has now been deleted.) Some users were reporting that they were receiving unusually large numbers of new matches, all sharing unexpectedly high amounts of DNA which would normally indicate a very close relationship. In another group, one user reported receiving over 3000 matches, all of which shared over 700 cM. A match in this range would normally indicate a very close relationship such as a first cousin or closer.<div><br /></div><div>Later on this afternoon (14.54 pm UK time) a user posted in the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/geneticgenealogytipsandtechniques/permalink/936363663494001/">Genetic Genealogy Tips and Techniques group</a> on Facebook that all his kits on GEDmatch were now publicly accessible and all marked as available to the police. This included not just standard kits but also <a href="https://stonefamilytree.wordpress.com/2014/10/31/using-gedmatch-part-6-the-phasing-tool/">phased kits</a> and <a href="https://youtu.be/C8REqT7DDP0">Lazarus kits</a>,which are by default always marked as research kits and are not normally available for matching. I checked my own account at GEDmatch and found that all my kits had been changed without my consent to allow police access. This included two phased <a href="https://thehandwrittenpast.com/2018/05/05/gedmatch-privacy/">research kits</a> which were never intended to be made public. I initially found that I was unable to change the settings on any of the kits. The site was up and down for a short while this afternoon before I was finally able to log in and restore my preferred access settings.</div><div><br /></div><div>Since then GEDmatch has been offline with a message that the site is down for maintenance.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi556I47CYPJzuE-rXB-tM1WwPikb9L3q1I9bM9CtDRQxcqmUIiwecApoJP1tsK5WmOgVwHMQ4za6hXZabR6e7tLX5enqF0RAXyvSmcUegLYF2EnkRrieW9zbe3g1fTd7LWtmWbkNeS8ygr/s422/Gedmatch+down+for+maintenance.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="41" data-original-width="422" height="61" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi556I47CYPJzuE-rXB-tM1WwPikb9L3q1I9bM9CtDRQxcqmUIiwecApoJP1tsK5WmOgVwHMQ4za6hXZabR6e7tLX5enqF0RAXyvSmcUegLYF2EnkRrieW9zbe3g1fTd7LWtmWbkNeS8ygr/w625-h61/Gedmatch+down+for+maintenance.JPG" width="625" /></a></div><div><div>Many other people have also reported that their kits have been affected and that the settings have been changed to allow police access without their consent. Graham Coop <a href="https://twitter.com/Graham_Coop/status/1284882121014702080">shared on Twitter</a> this afternoon a screenshot of his accounts showing how they had all been changed to allow police access..</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH3jvsm0HxMHxcxe6y4nYYEl4jUdAq7KIH2g7XeKZKzobf10beGTA4-rDSGuV4UxQi3j2V4WDAYKBd_h11n9EeUztWGd0kcpioPemo3AnQdzcUgx5OvMZKXMKNWTvVoErj1dMPupS5AVDI/s615/GEDmatch+Graham+Coop.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="615" height="513" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH3jvsm0HxMHxcxe6y4nYYEl4jUdAq7KIH2g7XeKZKzobf10beGTA4-rDSGuV4UxQi3j2V4WDAYKBd_h11n9EeUztWGd0kcpioPemo3AnQdzcUgx5OvMZKXMKNWTvVoErj1dMPupS5AVDI/w625-h513/GEDmatch+Graham+Coop.JPG" width="625" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>It therefore appears that the entire database has been changed to make all kits available for police access. This also means that the law enforcement kits, which are normally uploaded as research kits so that they do not appear in match lists, have been compromised. Anyone logging onto the website during this period would have seen those kits and might have been able to save a screenshot with the kit numbers. Allowing unauthorised access to law enforcement kits could potentially have serious consequences and could compromise an investigation.</div><div><br /></div><div>This is clearly a matter of great concern. There are well over 1.2 million profiles on GEDmatch but only around 200,000 or so kits had opted to make their profiles available for law enforcement matching. This means that the DNA profiles and e-mail addresses of probably around a million people have been exposed, including all the law enforcement kits. It is unlikely anyone would have been able to do anything with the matches during the period when the website was compromised because so many spurious matches were being produced. It is the exposure of the e-mail addresses and kit numbers which is likely to be of the most concern.</div><div><br /></div><div>According to <a href="http://mstarnesai.com/worlds-largest-open-source-dna-registry-suffers-outage-and-possible-data-exposure/">a report on the Tech in the City website</a> the original privacy settings were restored before the site was taken down though I'm not clear what time this happened as I'm not clear what timezone the author is reporting from.</div><div><br /></div><div>As GEDmatch operates in the European Union and has many EU customers, they are obliged to comply with the EU's <a href="https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr/">General Data Protection Regulation</a> (GDPR). Because of the serious nature of this breach it seems likely that they will have to report the matter to the appropriate regulatory authority in the EU. I don't know which authority they have registered with but the Information Commissioner's Office in the UK has information on how such <a href="https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/report-a-breach/">data breaches should be reported</a>. If a company or organisation has not protected the security of its customers than an enforcement action can be take and <a href="https://ico.org.uk/action-weve-taken/">the company can be fined</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>GEDmatch have since advised that they are aware of the issues and are responding. According to <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/gedmatchuser/?post_id=3122680534514339">a post in the GEDmatch User Group on Facebook</a> GEDmatch are "doing research right now to confirm what is happening. They are leaving the site down until they can clearly confirm what is going on." They are expected to make a formal statement later. It appears that this was an inadvertent update that went wrong. There appears to be no evidence that the site was hacked.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the meantime it is pointless to speculate about what might have happened and we will need to await until further information is available. I will update this page if I receive any further news.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Update</b></div><div>Just after publishing this blog post I discovered (22.51 pm UK time) that GEDmatch is back up and running and my kits all have the correct access levels.</div><div><br /></div><div>23.09 pm The following message has been posted on the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/officialGEDmatch/posts/226379075501494">GEDmatch Facebook page</a>.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFwlzP95x8qbb3Epxy2s-dBhiu41K6DrsM9sjqUZEwomZdnckIIA1Holnl2JS8x4Sznuiqv_w2qBgVgW-iPEvt07tz9csSHty-R5Df-3kvpY6bo3U3G7wuDyexmNRi39E9bhgpks5zEb5D/s499/GEDmatch+message.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="499" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFwlzP95x8qbb3Epxy2s-dBhiu41K6DrsM9sjqUZEwomZdnckIIA1Holnl2JS8x4Sznuiqv_w2qBgVgW-iPEvt07tz9csSHty-R5Df-3kvpY6bo3U3G7wuDyexmNRi39E9bhgpks5zEb5D/w625-h305/GEDmatch+message.JPG" width="625" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>Update 21 July 2020</b></div>GEDmatch have announced <a href="https://www.facebook.com/officialGEDmatch/posts/226701508802584" target="_blank">on their Facebook page</a> that they experienced a security breach on Sunday which was orchestrated through a sophisticated attack on one of their servers via an existing user account. The site was functioning briefly yesterday but reports started coming in late last night that people were once again receiving lots of unexpectedly high matches with a low SNP overlap in their match lists. I was able to briefly log into my account at 1.00 am night and found that the kit I checked had lots of matches with users with words like "imputed" and "partial" in the names. My highest match was at the first cousin level with a user from the Chinese company <a href="https://www.gesedna.com/" target="_blank">Gese DNA</a>. The site has now been taken down and GEDmatch are working with a cybersecurity company to implement new security measures. Here is a screenshot of the message from GEDmatch. I've removed the contact details from the post but these are are available in the full version of the message in the Facebook group. <div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDE8qX3cf-dZdcQ3GnIrf2LXglmQGXnxYOiHo9885rA5qVoeco6YvRfSHgU4TkUWKw41KX2ZoSFVj1f_8Ok08Xqqn6lBcY2QpWLYQWJ63HQJdHZC2nOT0ZuNuSicSjSvkeRvRlo3mn_Xiv/s521/GEDmatch+hack.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="449" height="781" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDE8qX3cf-dZdcQ3GnIrf2LXglmQGXnxYOiHo9885rA5qVoeco6YvRfSHgU4TkUWKw41KX2ZoSFVj1f_8Ok08Xqqn6lBcY2QpWLYQWJ63HQJdHZC2nOT0ZuNuSicSjSvkeRvRlo3mn_Xiv/w674-h781/GEDmatch+hack.JPG" width="674" /></a></div><div><br />It is good that GEDmatch are being transparent about the problems and this may turn out for the best in the long run if the security of the database is improved. The site was down for at least three hours and although they say that no data was downloaded in that time it would have been possible to take screenshots of match lists from many different accounts. Once you have a kit number you then essentially have access to that individual's account. It is also a cascading effect because you can click on all the matches of the matches as well. This essentially means that all the kit numbers have been compromised because no one will know which kits were affected. All the kit numbers will need to be changed. Ideally it would be better if GEDmatch did not reveal kit numbers in the match lists. It will be interesting to see what happens but I rather suspect the site will be down for a long time.</div><div><br /></div><b>Further update 21 July 2020</b><br />5.00 pm <div>From the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/gedmatchuser/permalink/3128289143953478/" target="_blank">GEDmatch Facebook page</a>: "GEDmatch will remain offline for 2 to 3 days as we further enhance security protocols. Thank you for your patience. We apologize for the inconvenience this has caused."</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Update 22 July 2020</b></div><div>MyHeritage advised late last night of a security alert involving a malicious phishing attempt that was possible related to the GEDmatch breach. For full details see the MyHeritage blog post:</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blog.myheritage.com/2020/07/security-alert-malicious-phishing-attempt-detected-possibly-connected-to-gedmatch-breach/" target="_blank">Security alert: malicious phishing attempt detected, possibly linked to GEDmatch breach</a></div><div><br /></div><div>The further reading section of this blog post has been updated to include an informative blog post from Leah Larkin explaining why we were seeing <a href="https://thednageek.com/mystery-matches-at-gedmatch" target="_blank">the mystery matches at GEDmatch</a> sharing unusually high amounts of DNA. I have also included <a href="https://verogen.com/gedmatch-incident-response" target="_blank">an official statement from Verogen</a> which was published on their blog on 20th July, a further blog post from Leah Larkin which includes <a href="https://thednageek.com/gedmatch-goes-haywire/" target="_blank">a timeline of the events</a> and <a href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/hackers-gedmatch-dna-privacy" target="_blank">an article from Peter Aldhou</a>s of Buzzfeed News..</div><div> </div><div>An e-mail has been sent out by Verogen to all GEDmatch users informing them of the breach. My e-mail arrived at 8.40 am. It may take time for a bulk e-mail to reach all 1.2 million or more users. If you haven't received the e-mail check your spam folder. I've copied the text below in case you haven't received it.</div><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Dear GEDmatch member,<br /> <br />On the morning of July 19, GEDmatch experienced a security breach orchestrated through a sophisticated attack on one of our servers via an existing user account. We became aware of the situation a short time later and immediately took the site down. As a result of this breach, all user permissions were reset, making all profiles visible to all users. This was the case for approximately 3 hours. During this time, users who did not opt-in for law enforcement matching were available for law enforcement matching, and, conversely, all law enforcement profiles were made visible to GEDmatch users.<br /> <br />On Monday, July 20, as we continued to investigate the incident and work on a permanent solution to safeguard against threats of this nature, we discovered that the site was still vulnerable and made the decision to take the site down until such time that we can be absolutely sure that user data is protected against potential attacks. It was later confirmed that GEDmatch was the target of a second breach in which all user permissions were set to opt-out of law enforcement matching.<br /> <br />We can assure you that your DNA information was not compromised, as GEDmatch does not store raw DNA files on the site. When you upload your data, the information is encoded, and the raw file deleted. This is one of the ways we protect our users’ most sensitive information.<br /> <br />Further, we are working with a leading cybersecurity firm to conduct a comprehensive forensic review and help us implement the best possible security measures. We expect the site will be up within the next day or two.<br /> <br />We have reported the unauthorized access to the appropriate authorities and continue to work toward identifying the individuals responsible for this criminal act.<br /> <br />Today, we were informed that MyHeritage customers who are also GEDmatch users were the target of a phishing scam. Please remember to exercise caution when opening emails and clicking links. Never provide sensitive information via email. If an email seems suspicious, contact the company in question directly through the phone number or email address listed on their website, not via a reply to the suspicious email. You can reach GEDmatch at xxxx or xxxxx [email address and telephone number removed]. At this time, we have no evidence to suggest the phishing scam is a result of the GEDmatch security breach this week. We are continuing to investigate the incident.<br /> <br />Please be assured that we take these matters very seriously. Our Number 1 responsibility is to protect the data of our users. We know we have not lived up to this responsibility this week, and we are working hard to regain your trust. We apologize for the concern and frustration this situation has caused.<br /> <br />Sincerely,<br /> <br />Brett Williams<br /> CEO, Verogen Inc.</blockquote><div><div><br /></div><div>For a French translation of this e-mail see the post in the Facebook group <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/geneticgenealogyireland/1702672366538806/" target="_blank">France ADN - Généalogie Génétique (ISOGG)</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Update 25th July 2020</b></div><div>There is a notice on the GEDmatch Facebook suggesting that the site will be back online today though at 11.35 am UK time the site was still down.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEBr_lPP5Gun5277SUBh0DQ4svjXSYgQTiZ6KeH7ZysfNbXfOSW0lzZ_IF5FOVcARMhCU3glJwEC8qHVAdXlQv0e_AY2UCbQ7NgfXCEKlM1HmtMpuKujYjdZ28HgGvmxhCPFt_GMsluJnw/s504/GEDmatch+24+July+2020+back+online+Saturday.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="122" data-original-width="504" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEBr_lPP5Gun5277SUBh0DQ4svjXSYgQTiZ6KeH7ZysfNbXfOSW0lzZ_IF5FOVcARMhCU3glJwEC8qHVAdXlQv0e_AY2UCbQ7NgfXCEKlM1HmtMpuKujYjdZ28HgGvmxhCPFt_GMsluJnw/w625-h150/GEDmatch+24+July+2020+back+online+Saturday.JPG" width="625" /></a></div><div>The site was restored in the afternoon of 25th July and no further issues have been reported to date.</div><div><br /><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>Further reading</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://verogen.com/gedmatch-incident-response/" id="https://verogen.com/gedmatch-incident-response/" name="https://verogen.com/gedmatch-incident-response/" target="_blank">GEDmatch incident response</a> by Verogen</li><li><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/01/technology/gedmatch-breach-privacy.html" target="_blank">Why a data breach at a genealogy site has privacy experts worried</a> by Heather Murphy, <i>New York Times</i></li><li><a href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/hackers-gedmatch-dna-privacy" target="_blank">A security breach exposed more than one million profiles on a major genealogy database</a> by Peter Aldhous, <i>Buzzfeed News</i></li><li><a href="https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/19/gedmatch-investigating-dna-profile-law-enforcement/">GEDmatch investigating after user DNA data made available to the police</a> by Zach Whittaker, <i>TechCrunch</i></li><li><a href="https://thednageek.com/gedmatch-goes-haywire/" target="_blank">GEDmatch goes haywire by Leah Larkin, </a><i>The DNA Geek. Includes a timeline of events.</i></li><li><a href="https://thednageek.com/mystery-matches-at-gedmatch/" target="_blank">Mystery matches at GEDmatch</a> by Leah Larkin, <i>The DNA Geek</i></li></ul></div></div></div></div>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-41285087994676457842020-07-14T22:06:00.009+01:002020-08-04T23:12:46.599+01:00Some updates to AncestryDNA's matching system and a database update<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Ancestry announced at a conference call today that there are some changes in the pipeline in terms of how our matches are reported. There will be three main changes:<br />
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1) Ancestry will provide a more accurate report on the number of segments shared with your matches. The updated matching algorithm may reduce the estimated number of segments you share with some. of your DNA matches. However, it won't change the estimated total amount of shared DNA (measured in centimorgans/cM) or the predicted relationship to your matches.<br /><br />
2) Ancestry will report the length of the largest shared segment. This is particularly important for people who are descended from endogamous populations. Knowing the length of the longest segment you and a DNA match have in common can help determine if you’re actually related. The longer the segment, the more likely you’re related. Segment length is also the easiest way to evaluate the difference between multiple matches that all show the same estimated relationship.<br />
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3) The matches will be re-calibrated to remove false matches so that the reported matches are more likely to be related through a recent common ancestor. Once the update is implemented, only matches which share 8 cM or more will be reported. Ancestry estimate that this will remove about two thirds of the false matches. All matches that fall below the new threshold will disappear from your match list with the exception of matches you have messaged, matches where you've added a note and matches you have added to a group by using the system of coloured dots. Starred matches will also be retained as they are considered part of a group. If you save a match below 8cM, your match will also have it saved without additional action needed. Any matches sharing less than 8 cM in total will no longer appear as common ancestor hints or in the ThruLines feature and this change may affect the number of ThruLines you see. If you want to save these matches you'll need to make sure you add them to one of your groups or add a note. Note that it is only the total cM shared after the application of the <a href="https://blogs.ancestry.com/ancestry/2015/6/8/filtering-dna-matches-at-ancestrydna-with-timber/">Timber algorithm</a> that is affected so you could still have matches which share some individual segments that are smaller than 8 cM so long as the sum total of all the segments is over 8 cM.<br />
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On site messaging will start to appear on the site in the next few days (this messaging is now live) to alert users to the updated matching system and a new matching white paper will be available later this week. (The White paper has now been published and can be accessed <a href="https://www.ancestrycdn.com/support/us/2020/07/2020whitepaper.pdf " target="_blank">here</a>.) We can expect to see the new matching system rolled out in early August.<br />
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The increase in the match threshold will mean that many matches will disappear from our match lists. However, in practice, this is not going to have any effect on our genealogical research as these small matches have proved to be so unreliable that they are impossible to work with. The last time I analysed my matches at AncestryDNA and compared them with my parents' match lists I found that 54% of my matches in the 6-7 cM range did not match either of my parents and were therefore probably false positives. <sup>(1)</sup> Clearly if there is over a 50% chance that a match will be false we cannot reliably assign these matches to a common ancestor, even if we can identify one in our shared family trees. Even if the match is real, the chances are still very low that it will be a reflection of a recent genealogical relationship and it is far more likely to be the result of very distant sharing. <sup>(2)</sup><br />
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I currently have over 32,000 matches at AncestryDNA which is far more than I can ever possibly cope with. However, if you really are desperate to go through your matches and check the 6 and 7 cm matches before they disappear you can use the filter under Shared DNA to set a custom cM range to identify these matches.<br />
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In other news AncestryDNA's corporate page has been updated to show that they have now tested <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/corporate/about-ancestry/our-story">18 million people</a>. AncestryDNA now have by far the largest genetic genealogy database in the world. 23andMe is the next largest with a database of <a href="https://mediacenter.23andme.com/company/about-us/">12 million people</a>. MyHeritage have <a href="https://cm.myheritage.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/company_summary_2020_03-2.pdf">4 million people</a> in their database, while <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/">FamilyTreeDNA</a> have tested over two million people. (3)<br />
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The lockdown seems to have encouraged a renewed interest in family history so we can also look forward to receiving many more matches in the months and years to come.<div><br /></div><div><b>Update 4th August</b></div><div>The roll out of the update has been delayed and will now be rolled out in stages. You will find full details, including FAQs, when you log into your AncestryDNA account.<br /><br /><img alt="" height="290" 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" width="680" /><br /><br /></div><div>Ancestry is now displaying decimal points for all matches sharing under 10 cM. All matches sharing under 8 cM will be removed at the end of August. This includes matches in the 7.5 to 7.9 cM range which were previously rounded up to 8 cM.<br /><div><br /></div><div><b>Further reading</b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2020/07/17/losing-distant-matches-at-ancestrydna/" target="_blank">Losing distant matches at AncestryDNA</a> by Blaine Bettinger</li><li><a href="https://www.yourdnaguide.com/ydgblog/2020/7/15/ancestrydna-shared-matches-updates" target="_blank">AncestryDNA updates coming: what to do next</a> by Diahan Southard</li><li><a href="https://thednageek.com/ancestrydnas-2020-matching-white-paper/" target="_blank">Ancestry's 2020 matching white paper</a> by Leah Larkin</li><li><a href="https://www.legalgenealogist.com/2020/07/19/chilling-with-ancestrydna/">Chilling with AncestryDNA</a> by Judy Russell</li><li><a href="https://www.ancestrycdn.com/support/us/2020/07/2020whitepaper.pdf" target="_blank">AncestryDNA matching white paper</a>, last updated on 15 July 2020</li></ul></div><div>
<b>Footnotes</b><br />
1. See my blog post <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2017/08/comparing-parent-and-child-matches-at.html">Comparing parent and child matches at AncestryDNA</a> from August 2017 for the full details of this analysis.<br />
2. See the ISOGG Wiki page on <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/Identical_by_descent">identity by descent </a>which includes a chart from a 2015 paper by Doug Speed and David Balding providing the distribution of different-sized segments by generation.<br />
3. FamilyTreeDNA do not publish details of the size of their autosomal DNA database. The two million figure about the number of people tested is taken from the FAQs on their home page. In the section headed "Who is FamilyTreeDNA?" they say: "Over 2 million people have tested with FamilyTreeDNA, resulting in the most comprehensive DNA matching database in the industry." FTDNA used to publish daily updates on the number of Y-DNA and mtDNA records in the database on their "<a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/why-ftdna">Why choose FamilyTreeDNA page?</a>" However, the figures on this page have not been updated since July 2019. Martin McDowell did an analysis in February 2020 based on FTDNA kit numbers in which estimated that FTDNA's autosomal DNA database was approaching two million. See the blog post "<a href="https://ggi2013.blogspot.com/2020/02/how-big-is-familytreedna-database.html">How big is the FamilyTreeDNA database</a>" on the Genetic Genealogy Ireland website.<br />
<br />
<font size="2"><b>Updates</b><br />
This page was updated on 15 July 2019 to include a third footnote to clarify information about the size of the FamilyTreeDNA database. It was updated on 16 July to include a link to the updated AncestryDNA white paper and a further reading list. It was also updated to clarify that starred matches will not be retained. The page was updated on 17 July to include a link to blog posts from Blaine Bettinger and Leah Larkin. The page was updated on 19 July following the receipt of an e-mail from AncestryDNA which clarified that starred matches would be retained after all and that any matches you save will also be automatically saved on your match's account. Additional information was added to the number points 1 and 2 with additional information from Ancestry about the changes in the reporting of segments. A link to Judy Russell's blog post was added on 28 July.</font></div></div>Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com67tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-49246827140337907492020-04-09T13:41:00.001+01:002020-04-27T00:31:05.706+01:00DNA ethnicity article in May issue of Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirlNgE-q5FELMiIOmSUIq8ydaasbX4kDRJA74ue_auWyQ-XRh0YZ9FhUJVRtSHU2WPErpY-OPfBmkqNhQGJHT_wBhDwr6S2aHhOVNwBR5pB2FGpGSXKjnawBgsxmYzEb9rpke41yEGSrve/s1600/Cover+photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1132" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirlNgE-q5FELMiIOmSUIq8ydaasbX4kDRJA74ue_auWyQ-XRh0YZ9FhUJVRtSHU2WPErpY-OPfBmkqNhQGJHT_wBhDwr6S2aHhOVNwBR5pB2FGpGSXKjnawBgsxmYzEb9rpke41yEGSrve/s320/Cover+photo.jpg" width="226" /></a></div>
The May issue of W<i>ho Do You Think You Are? Magazine</i> is out now. It includes a big feature article from me on DNA "ethnicity" estimates and what they can and can't tell you.<br />
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While you might not be able to get out to the shops to buy a copy you can order a digital copy online or take out a subscription through Mags Direct to have the magazine delivered through your letter box.<br />
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There's always lots of interesting content in the magazine on a wide variety of genealogy subjects. I have two further DNA feature articles scheduled for later this year too.<br />
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To find out more check out the <a href="http://www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/">WDYTYA Magazine website</a>. You can see a sneak preview of the May issue <a href="http://www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/issue/may-2020">here</a>.<br />
<br />
<b>Updated 27th April 2020</b><br />
An edited version of the article is now available <a href="http://www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/blog/what-do-dna-test-results-mean">online on the WDYTYA website</a>.Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-19035550463902928022020-02-19T23:06:00.000+00:002020-03-31T12:51:27.401+01:0030x whole genome sequencing from Nebula Genomics for $299<div class="MsoNormal">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjsUXQX_lzKYtAwzF_BFoL2aKtaVEM5q33QR_-bCdAPYTrG2QfTTxx-Vz6my8mDwvqBVXNFNgOfyLIg54djylVntBzKOuB65oB2ZDovN0om5d269XjKOrhxL7Ta62uclMR-K0bDqWE6FsG/s1600/Nebula+home+page+2020.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="613" data-original-width="1343" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjsUXQX_lzKYtAwzF_BFoL2aKtaVEM5q33QR_-bCdAPYTrG2QfTTxx-Vz6my8mDwvqBVXNFNgOfyLIg54djylVntBzKOuB65oB2ZDovN0om5d269XjKOrhxL7Ta62uclMR-K0bDqWE6FsG/s640/Nebula+home+page+2020.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The cost of whole genome sequencing has been slowly coming down to an affordable level. <a href="https://www.dantelabs.com/">Dante Laboratories</a> had <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2018/11/a-30x-whole-genome-sequence-from-dante.html">a special offer on their direct-to-consumer (DTC) whole genome service (WGS)</a> in November 2018 when the test was priced at €169 (£150 or $199). They now offer <a href="https://www.dantelabs.com/collections/advanced-dna-tests">a 30x whole genome test for €289</a> (reduced from €599). 30x refers to the coverage of the test <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">–</span> the number of reads at each position. 30x is now the standard coverage for medical purposes. Dante are based in Italy and initially focused on the European market but now sell their test globally. They had sequenced <a href="https://www.genomeweb.com/informatics/dante-labs-taps-bc-platforms-informatics-support-ngs-testing-ramps#.Xk2ct2j7TIU">over 10,000 genomes</a> by the end of 2019 and are currently processing <a href="https://www.genomeweb.com/informatics/dante-labs-taps-bc-platforms-informatics-support-ngs-testing-ramps#.Xk2ct2j7TIU">600 to 700 genomes per week</a>.<br />
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DTC whole genome sequencing has also been offered for several years by <a href="https://www.fullgenomes.com/">Full Genomes Corporation</a> though they no longer sell their tests in the European Union. FGC offer a range of tests at different coverage as well as a long-read whole genome test for $2900. A range of DTC WGS tests is also available at varying levels of coverage from the <a href="https://www.yseq.net/">German company YSEQ</a>. The British company <a href="https://sanogenetics.com/">SanoGenetics</a> launched a DTC whole genome sequence test priced at £950 at the end of 2019 with an emphasis on data security. They hope to provide access to <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/sep/28/genome-sequencing-precision-medicine-bespoke-healthcare-nhs">genetic counsellors, a doctor and good links to the UK's National Health Service</a> but it is likely to be more than a year before they are in a position to deliver on this promise.<br />
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The market is now hotting up with the announcement that <a href="https://nebula.org/">Nebula Genomics</a> have launched <a href="https://blog.nebula.org/30x-wgs/">a new 30x whole genome sequencing service for $299</a> (£231 or €277). The Nebula product will be available in <a href="https://blog.nebula.org/international-availability/">188 countries</a>. Nebula are based in the US with offices in San Francisco and Boston. The sequencing is currently being done by BGI in Hong Kong. Nebula have partnered with <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/">FamilyTreeDNA</a> to provide an analysis of the Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequences which are included with the service. The following information about the Y-DNA and mtDNA ancestry analysis is provided in <a href="https://nebula.org/faqs/">Nebula's FAQs</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ6wXr7urxdprTf4hA-oOSwEd_uhyphenhyphenDP8U2hv9YPi1wXuceRS-hfq1Fvx9byKOcjH_PeIA-IaEax24r6dtBHCbxPlGSGMAuH_uo3W1_cswhVqLt2uRfJ4xCeULwSHmzkKWE-4tmfP8VDIbC/s1600/Dante+Labs+ancestry+analysis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="916" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ6wXr7urxdprTf4hA-oOSwEd_uhyphenhyphenDP8U2hv9YPi1wXuceRS-hfq1Fvx9byKOcjH_PeIA-IaEax24r6dtBHCbxPlGSGMAuH_uo3W1_cswhVqLt2uRfJ4xCeULwSHmzkKWE-4tmfP8VDIbC/s640/Dante+Labs+ancestry+analysis.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
It is not clear how the transfer process will work but I presume that the sequences will be uploaded to FTDNA's BigY database and mitochondrial DNA database in order to receive genealogical matches. I suspect the promise of additional ancestry reporting will be in the form of an option to transfer a Family Finder-compatible file to FTDNA's autosomal DNA database.</div>
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On top of the cost of the testing it is necessary to pay a subscription for access to Nebula's reports which are updated on a weekly basis. You can choose a monthly, annual or lifetime subscription.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghagNuVRLaNIAd23DXeiy_fhRzBljZWaoohpAvYjro120tz2JL7DefA9XA436y0qFrufdV5-KVfWPBYggR1JdZ6stv5fCIAjeIQVVfmXo34X13fGEfSsRj-ZpZBtd-7y0INFjmcDWYzNBo/s1600/Dante+Labs+subscriptions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="366" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghagNuVRLaNIAd23DXeiy_fhRzBljZWaoohpAvYjro120tz2JL7DefA9XA436y0qFrufdV5-KVfWPBYggR1JdZ6stv5fCIAjeIQVVfmXo34X13fGEfSsRj-ZpZBtd-7y0INFjmcDWYzNBo/s400/Dante+Labs+subscriptions.jpg" width="290" /></a></div>
It doesn't seem to be possible to order a test without paying for a subscription so it appears that you would have to sign up for at least a single subscription for one month once you have received your results.</div>
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There is further information about Nebula Genomics in <a href="https://onezero.medium.com/the-price-of-dna-sequencing-dropped-from-2-7-billion-to-300-in-less-than-20-years-f5e07c2f18b4">this article from OneZero</a>.<br />
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Whole genome sequencing is not likely to be of interest for the average genealogist in the immediate future. To use a WGS test for genealogy we would need to have a WGS database so that we can be matched with our genetic cousins. No such database currently exists though I suspect it's only a matter of time before an enterprising company decides to take the initiative and set up a service. For now WGS is likely to be of most interest for genealogical purposes for the Y-chromosome data to see how the sequencing compares with other sequencing products such as FamilyTreeDNA's BigY test. WGS will also appeal to advanced genetic genealogists who like manipulating and playing with big data files. For example <a href="http://www.beholdgenealogy.com/blog/?p=3209">Louis Kessler</a>, a genetic genealogist with a background in computer programming, has purchased a number of WGS tests and has had great fun analysing the files out of sheer scientific curiosity.<br />
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None of the major genetic genealogy companies currently offers a WGS test but I suspect it's only a matter of time.</div>
Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-22501716253260727132020-01-07T22:57:00.000+00:002020-01-07T23:00:45.784+00:00The end of an era: goodbye to the Rootsweb mailing lists<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq-viw0LAlO1-QNeI63mgmhw5_xuwndORxp4crU4hZT67w9FiZi9HkvWeVwU_xq5Z1lKt1vQJ7uslgh-EqN84CEBN7B2sIRmEG1wYBre9RrvrzgtVjMD2foftbL30AGBJcwkui_pVmhOy-/s1600/RW.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="1072" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq-viw0LAlO1-QNeI63mgmhw5_xuwndORxp4crU4hZT67w9FiZi9HkvWeVwU_xq5Z1lKt1vQJ7uslgh-EqN84CEBN7B2sIRmEG1wYBre9RrvrzgtVjMD2foftbL30AGBJcwkui_pVmhOy-/s640/RW.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
It was announced today that the Rootsweb genealogy mailing lists will be discontinued and archived. Here is the e-mail I received from the Rootsweb Listowners list.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Beginning March 2nd, 2020 the Mailing Lists functionality on RootsWeb will be discontinued. Users will no longer be able to send outgoing emails or accept incoming emails. Additionally, administration tools will no longer be available to list administrators and mailing lists will be put into an archival state.<br />
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Administrators may save the emails in their list prior to March 2nd. After that, mailing list archives will remain available and searchable on RootsWeb.<br />
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As an alternative to RootsWeb Mailing Lists, Ancestry message boards are a great option to network with others in the genealogy community. Message boards are available for free with an Ancestry registered account.<br />
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Thank you for being part of the RootsWeb family and contributing to this community.<br />
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Sincerely,<br />
<br />
The RootsWeb team</blockquote>
When I first started my family history research nearly 20 years ago I found that the regional Rootsweb mailing lists were an invaluable source of education and assistance, and I made many friends on these lists. Unfortunately the functionality of the lists has been greatly reduced for many years now. The lists were offline for a considerable time as a result of security issues and they were eventually transferred to <a href="http://rootsweb.blog/2018/07/23/rootsweb-mailing-list-down-time-thursday-july-26-2018/">a new host in July 2018</a>. It was perhaps inevitable that with all these problems discussions would move elsewhere.<br />
<br />
While mailing lists used to be the central focus of genealogical life, they are becoming used much less often and I find that most of my genealogy and DNA conversations now take place in the various Facebook groups and also on <a href="https://twitter.com/DebbieKennett">Twitter</a>. I am the admin of a few surname lists on Rootsweb but no one has posted on these lists for many months. If a service is not supported it is inevitable that it will eventually disappear. The demise of the Rootsweb lists is not a big surprise, but it does feel like the end of an era.<br />
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The decline in the use of mailing lists was no doubt also a factor in the decision by Yahoo to <a href="https://uk.help.yahoo.com/kb/groups/SLN31010.html">shut down all the web hosting</a> for their Yahoo Groups. Yahoo hosted many of the popular DNA lists as well as a number of genealogy lists. The Yahoo lists will continue to function as email lists but without any archiving facility. All the old conversations have been deleted. This is a salutary lesson that all websites need to be backed up and archived in order to ensure their preservation. I suspect a huge amount of knowledge and history has already been lost as many groups have disappeared without back ups being made.<br />
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No doubt some of the Rootsweb lists and Yahoo Groups will find a new home elsewhere. Some mailing lists have now moved over to <a href="https://groups.io/groups">IO Groups</a>. I am one of the admins of the Haplogroup R1b-U016 list and we moved <a href="https://groups.io/g/R1b-U106">our U106 list from Yahoo to IO Groups</a>. We have been very pleased with the service from IO Groups. There is a lot of additional functionality which we have found very useful. If you have been hosting a list on Rootsweb and are looking for a new platform then IO Groups would be a good alternative.<br />
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Facebook is not everyone's cup of tea but it is home to a vibrant genealogy community. <a href="https://socialmediagenealogy.com/">Katherine Willson</a> does a brilliant job of tracking and categorising all the genealogy and history groups on Facebook. Do check out her <a href="https://socialmediagenealogy.com/genealogy-on-facebook-list/">Genealogy on Facebook list</a>. At the last update in May 2019 it included over 14,500 links.<br />
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If you are particularly interested in genetic genealogy check out the ISOGG Wiki <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy_mailing_lists_and_Facebook_groups">list of genetic genealogy mailing lists and Facebook groups</a>.<br />
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Facebook has <a href="https://about.fb.com/company-info/">over two billion users</a> around the world so it's not going away any time soon <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">– </span>or at least not until the next big thing comes along and who knows what that might be?Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-34963078667960507922020-01-04T16:10:00.000+00:002020-01-04T16:29:44.468+00:00New lower pricing structure at FamilyTreeDNAThe FTDNA sale has now ended but the good news is that the prices haven’t gone back up to the old pricing levels and the new prices are now much lower.
When ordering direct from the FTDNA home page there are now only five tests
available:
<br />
<ul>
<li>Y-37 $119 (previously $169)</li>
<li>Y-111 $249 (previously $359)</li>
<li>BigY-700 $449 (previously $649)</li>
<li>mtDNA full sequence $159 (previously $199)</li>
<li>Family Finder autosomal DNA test $79 (no change)</li>
</ul>
The old price of the BigY-700 test included access to the raw data file (the BAM file). However, most people did not want the raw data file which meant that the price was artificially inflated for the benefit of the few. If you do want your BAM file you can now purchase it as an add on for $100.
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<br />
Shipping costs $9.95 in the US and $12.95 to most international destinations.
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<br />
The 25-marker test and the 67-marker test have now been discontinued. The 12-marker test is still available for $59 but can only be ordered through a project. You can access the project search menu <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/group-project-search">here</a>.<br />
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There used to be discounts available when ordering kits through projects but these discounts are no longer available. However, with the new lower prices I would hope that all of us with projects at FTDNA will see renewed interests in our projects in 2020.
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<br />
In addition to the reduced prices for new tests there are also big reductions in the upgrade prices for Y-DNA tests. Dave Nicolson compiled a spreadsheet showing the new pricing which he shared in the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/748625258556621/">Only FTDNA Project Administrators Group on Facebook</a>. He has kindly given me permission to reproduce his chart below.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUVczeUhltXbS70f_Sej7jujzRrajQRTjxRrOoCGwbyJaSUEnnSYB2BBQtTwrM-5Ud0TsDWi-P4h96osJtzC4HiH7Q_V1beQHRuPnVEhorIrmZXDKuHdvCRZ8Kzk8M3F8pfVam41S_bW5n/s1600/FTDNA+new+pricing+from+Dave+Nicholson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="784" data-original-width="960" height="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUVczeUhltXbS70f_Sej7jujzRrajQRTjxRrOoCGwbyJaSUEnnSYB2BBQtTwrM-5Ud0TsDWi-P4h96osJtzC4HiH7Q_V1beQHRuPnVEhorIrmZXDKuHdvCRZ8Kzk8M3F8pfVam41S_bW5n/s640/FTDNA+new+pricing+from+Dave+Nicholson.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Discounts for members of the Guild of One-Name Studies</b><br />
If you are a member of the <a href="https://one-name.org/">Guild of One-Name Studies</a> note that you can buy 37-marker tests and Family Finder tests at discounted prices from the Guild.<br />
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The Y-DNA test is currently £88 from the Guild. The cost from FTDNA is £91 at current exchange rates. Postage rates are calculated individually by the Guild and you would need to pay return postage for the kit to Texas but for most people, especially outside the US, it is likely to be cheaper to buy a 37-marker test from the Guild, and especially so if you can pick up a kit at one of the Guild events. <br />
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You can also buy FTDNA Family Finder kits direct from the Guild for £40. This is a considerable saving on the current price of $79 from FTDNA which works out at £60 at current exchange rates. Postage would again be extra.<br />
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For further details see the page on the Guild website on <a href="https://one-name.org/dna-kits-available-from-the-guild/">DNA kits available from the Guild</a>.Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-81034567605893256282019-12-17T21:40:00.000+00:002019-12-17T21:40:01.565+00:00An update on EU kits at GEDmatch and a message from Curtis Rogers<div class="tr_bq">
We learnt last week that <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2019/12/gedmatch-has-been-acquired-by-forensic.html">GEDmatch has been acquired by the forensics company Verogen</a>. I now have some further information about the handling of European Union users at GEDmatch. When the sale first went through only a small number of EU users were presented with a consent form in order to access the website. We thought at the time that the form was only being shown to those who had an identifiable e-mail address in the EU. I did not have to re-consent when I first tried to log onto GEDmatch, presumably because my e-mail address had a .com suffix and not a .co.uk suffix. That all changed some time last week, and Verogen are now identifying EU users by their IP address. As a result I found that I had to re-consent to use the site. Below are screenshots of the data transfer form which all EU users are now required to sign.</div>
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Having signed the form you are then presented with this screen.<br />
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You are then given the option to decide on a kit by basis which kits you would like to transfer to Verogen, which kits you would like to delete and which kits you would like to decide about later.<br />
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Many people have been reporting that they've lost a lot of matches at GEDmatch and that some of their kits have disappeared. Genetic genealogist Paul Watkins contacted Verogen and he has given me permission to share the contents of the reply he received which explains what has been happening:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
While we did have issues with
Kits “disappearing” this week from UK users, the main reason that matches are
looking like they disappear is that people who are subject to European General
Data Privacy Regulations (GDPR) have been pulled out of the database
temporarily, as we are legally required to obtain consent to transfer control
of users data to Verogen.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, in addition, to known EU users, there
are also many users that we do not know their location (we use the IP address
of the user when they login to determine the country of origin). This group
contains a mix of users from different countries (EU, US, and ex-US users).
However, because there is most certainly EU users in this unknown location
group, the legal ramification of violating European GDPR is severe, and this
has forced us to pull these people out of the database until they log in and
consent. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Users from the EU and those with an unknown location
are logging back in, and we expect that these matches will repopulate over
time. We are also reaching out proactively to these users to ask them to log in
to confirm their location and accept the new terms of service.</blockquote>
The issue of disappearing kits appears to have been resolved and the following notice now appears when you log into GEDmatch.<br />
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Meanwhile it has been reported in the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/officialGEDmatch">official GEDmatch Facebook group</a> that Curtis Rogers will be sending out <a href="https://www.facebook.com/officialGEDmatch/posts/124555119017224">an e-mail to all GEDmatch users</a>. I've copied the text of the e-mail below for reference:<br />
<blockquote>
A MESSAGE FROM GEDMATCH FOUNDER CURTIS ROGERS. THIS MESSAGE WILL BE EMAILED TO ALL USERS. </blockquote>
<blockquote>
To GEDmatch users, </blockquote>
<blockquote>
As you may know, on December 9 we shared the news that GEDmatch has been purchased by Verogen, Inc., a forensic genomics company whose focus is human ID. This sale took place only because I know it is a big step forward for GEDmatch, its users, and the genetic genealogical community. Since the announcement, there has been speculation about a number of things, much of it unfounded. </blockquote>
<blockquote>
There has been concern that law enforcement will have greater access to GEDmatch user information. The opposite is true. Verogen has firmly and repeatedly stated that it will fight all unauthorized law enforcement use and any warrants that may be issued. This is a stronger position than GEDmatch was previously able to implement. </blockquote>
<blockquote>
There has been concern that Verogen will eliminate GEDmatch free tools and raise Tier 1 rates. In fact, Verogen has made it clear that the free tools will remain, and there are no immediate plans to raise Tier 1 rates. </blockquote>
<blockquote>
It has been reported on social media that there is a mass exodus of kits from the GEDmatch database. There has been a temporary drop in the database size only because privacy policies in place in the various countries where our users reside require citizens to specifically approve the transfer of their data to Verogen. As users grant permission, that data will again be visible on the site. We are proactively reaching out to these users to encourage them to consent to the transfer. </blockquote>
<blockquote>
The sale to Verogen will be a tremendous benefit to genealogists. Verogen has pledged to continue the GEDmatch philosophy of providing free services. It recognizes that all information belongs to the users who have placed it on GEDmatch, that this information may be removed by the users at any time, and that strong privacy protections need to be in place. It is to Verogen’s advantage to build the consumer database, meaning more and better matches for users. Verogen recognizes that law enforcement use of genetic genealogy is here to stay and is in a better position to prevent abuses and protect privacy than GEDmatch ever could have done on its own. </blockquote>
<blockquote>
Bottom line: I am thrilled that the ideal company has purchased GEDmatch. The baby I created will now mature for the benefit of all involved. If anyone has any doubts, I may be reached at [email address redacted]. I will do my best to personally respond to all concerns. </blockquote>
<blockquote>
Curtis Rogers<br />
GEDmatch</blockquote>
It will take time for GEDmatch to settle back down after the sale but I would urge everyone to give the new owners the benefit of the doubt and to see how it all works out in the months to come.Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7238849140976286627.post-64301903684728760102019-12-12T11:40:00.002+00:002019-12-12T11:40:50.605+00:00Free uploads to MyHeritage and news of the MyHeritage 2020 conference<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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MyHeritage have announced that their conference will take place in Tel Aviv in October. I went to their conference this year in Amsterdam and had a fantastic time and will be looking forward to a trip to Israel. You can find further information about this conference in <a href="https://blog.myheritage.com/2019/12/announcing-myheritage-live-2020/">this blog post from MyHeritage</a>.<br />
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In other news from MyHeritage they have a special offer on this week for free DNA uploads to their autosomal DNA database. If you have taken an autosomal DNA test at 23andMe, AncestryDNA, FamilyTreeDNA or Living DNA you can transfer your data to the MyHeritage database to find new genetic cousins. There are people in the MyHeritage database who have not tested elsewhere. MyHeritage now have over 3.5 million people in their database, and they have particularly good representation in non-English-speaking countries in Europe.<br />
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Anyone who uploads between now and 18th December will benefit from free access to all the advanced features which normally require a one-off payment. You can find further details in <a href="http://blog.myheritage.com/2019/12/this-week-only-dna-uploads-are-completely-free-forever-including-all-advanced-dna-features/">this blog post from MyHeritage</a>.Debbie Kennetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11573470282571579765noreply@blogger.com2